Core Points - The article discusses the concept of dimensional reduction in physics, illustrating how theories evolve from higher dimensions to lower dimensions, ultimately affecting human understanding of the universe [1][2][3] Group 1: Dimensional Reduction Theories - The first layer is M-theory, which operates in 11 dimensions and reduces to string theory through various projections [4] - The second layer is string theory, which exists in 10 dimensions and includes 3D space, 1D time, and 6D Calabi-Yau manifolds, influencing the types of fundamental particles and physical constants in the universe [5][6] - The third layer is General Relativity, which reduces from string theory in low-energy limits and connects to the concept of gravitons [9] Group 2: Further Reductions - General Relativity can further reduce to Special Relativity under conditions of flat spacetime and no gravity [10] - Special Relativity reduces to Newtonian mechanics when objects are moving at speeds much lower than the speed of light [11] - Newtonian mechanics is described in a 3+1 dimensional framework, emphasizing the complexity of truly understanding it [12] Group 3: Quantum Field Theory - Quantum Field Theory, considered a fourth layer, is composed of Quantum Yang-Mills theory, Higgs mechanism, and fermionic field theory [14] - Under certain conditions, Quantum Field Theory can reduce to Quantum Electrodynamics [15] - Quantum Electrodynamics can further reduce to Maxwell's equations in low-energy and non-relativistic limits [16][17] Group 4: Historical Context and Challenges - The article highlights the historical significance of Yang-Mills theory and its revival after being initially dismissed, showcasing the complexity of applying classical theories to quantum contexts [18][19] - It also discusses the contributions of mathematicians like Hilbert and their impact on the development of theories in physics, contrasting them with physicists like Einstein [20][21]

Core Points - The article discusses the passing of renowned physicist Yang Zhenning at the age of 103, highlighting his significant contributions to physics and his dedication to Chinese scientific research [1][5]. Group 1 - Yang Zhenning was the first Chinese Nobel laureate and is regarded as one of the greatest physicists of the 20th century, second only to Einstein [1][2]. - His most important contribution is the Yang-Mills theory, which is foundational in particle physics, with seven Nobel Prizes awarded based on this theory [3]. - In 2003, at the age of 81, Yang returned to China, sold his house in the U.S., and dedicated himself to advancing scientific research in China, including teaching at Tsinghua University and founding the Tsinghua University Institute for Advanced Study [4]. Group 2 - Yang's philosophy emphasized the importance of hard work and persistence over seeking shortcuts, advising students to focus on solid foundational skills [9][10]. - He believed that success comes from practical experience and hands-on efforts, encouraging individuals to engage actively in problem-solving rather than merely theorizing [13][20]. - Yang advocated for a method of addressing challenges by categorizing them into three parts: immediate solutions, waiting for the right moment, and accepting unchangeable facts [22][25]. Group 3 - He stressed the necessity of enduring solitude for significant academic achievements, equating deep work with a degree of loneliness that fosters focus and creativity [29][34]. - Yang's insights on perseverance highlight that true success often requires enduring repetitive tasks and maintaining inner motivation despite external recognition [36][38].

Core Viewpoint - The influence of Yang Zhenning on the academic journey of Wang Zhiwei is profound, emphasizing the importance of academic quality and personal direction in research and life choices [1][4]. Group 1: Impact of Yang Zhenning's Theories - Wang Zhiwei's research in dark matter is grounded in the "Yang-Mills theory," which he considers a simple yet rich theoretical framework for understanding fundamental interactions in nature [3][8]. - The "Yang-Mills theory" is foundational to modern particle physics and is crucial for the Standard Model, which categorizes known particles and their interactions [8][11]. Group 2: Personal Influence and Academic Journey - Wang Zhiwei was deeply inspired by Yang Zhenning's emphasis on the "quality of academic research," which shaped his approach to selecting research directions [4][5]. - Yang Zhenning's personal experiences, such as his shift from experimental to theoretical physics, serve as a guiding example for young researchers in recognizing their strengths [4][12]. Group 3: Legacy and Cultural Impact - Yang Zhenning's return to China significantly enhanced academic exchanges and inspired younger generations, fostering a culture of mentorship and teaching [13][14]. - His contributions extend beyond physics, highlighting the importance of humanistic education in shaping academic quality and inspiring interdisciplinary research [16][17].

Core Viewpoint - The article commemorates the life and contributions of Yang Zhenning, a prominent Chinese theoretical physicist, who passed away at the age of 103, highlighting his significant impact on physics and education in China [1][2]. Contributions to Physics - Yang Zhenning, along with Li Zhengdao, proposed the theory of parity violation in weak interactions in 1956, which fundamentally changed the understanding of basic symmetries in nature and is considered a milestone in 20th-century physics [2][3]. - He co-developed the Yang-Mills theory in 1954, which has had a profound influence on fundamental physics and modern differential geometry, serving as the foundation for the Standard Model of particle physics [5]. - In 1967, he discovered the Yang-Baxter equation, which became a core tool for solving many integrable systems [5]. Educational Impact - Yang Zhenning was a significant educator, returning to China in the 1970s to introduce cutting-edge physics theories, such as gauge field theory and statistical mechanics [6]. - He played a crucial role in the establishment of the "Young Scholars Program" at the University of Science and Technology of China, which laid the groundwork for computer education in China [6]. - His influence extended to other scholars, such as Yao Qizhi, who returned to China to teach at Tsinghua University, inspired by Yang's work and vision [7]. Contributions to Chinese Higher Education - Yang Zhenning was instrumental in founding the Tsinghua University Institute for Advanced Study in 1997, attracting top international scholars to China [7]. - He actively supported the funding of Chinese scholars to study in the United States, significantly contributing to the development of China's scientific community [11]. - His efforts in promoting scientific exchange and advising on major scientific projects have had a lasting impact on China's educational reforms and scientific advancements [11].