2025的夏季注定要打破纪录。两场严重热浪已经席卷欧洲，导致数百例高温相关死亡，触发了野火和供电系统故障——而这些影响还在持续。 从6月中到7月初，西欧出现了数十年来的同期最高平均气温和历史上最热的6月（见"史上最热的6月"）。气温冲破40°C，西班牙和葡萄牙更是达到了 46°C，这一切都是因为"热穹顶"（heat dome）现象——高压穹顶锁住了某地大气中的热空气，导致热空气升温和长时间停留。 来源：European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts/Copernicus 研究显示，该区域的热浪频率越来越高。帝国理工学院格兰瑟姆研究所上个月的一份报告指出，伦敦现在每6年而不是每60年就会出现这种高温。"我们还 会看到人群遭受更可怕的后果，"奥地利国际应用系统分析研究所研究气候相关风险的社会科学家Roman Hoffmann说，"以及更多的压力影响更多人的健 康、福祉、生计和人类安全。" 一、致命气候 格兰瑟姆研究所的这份报告指出（见"致命热浪"），今年，在12个主要欧洲城市据估计的2300例热相关死亡中，有1500例——占65%——是由化石燃料排 放引起的额 ...

Group 1 - The article discusses the extreme heat wave affecting multiple countries in the Northern Hemisphere, with temperatures exceeding 43°C in Spain and Portugal, and over 40°C in parts of West Asia and North Africa [2][6][10] - In China, the average temperature reached 21.1°C by June 25, 2025, marking the highest level since 1961, with predictions indicating temperatures in North China could exceed 42°C for over 30 days [6][10] - The World Meteorological Organization links these high-temperature events to the "heat dome" phenomenon, which is characterized by a persistent high-pressure system trapping heat in a specific area [10][11] Group 2 - The "heat dome" acts like a stubborn "goalkeeper," preventing cold air from entering, which leads to rising temperatures and extreme heat conditions [3][11] - The formation of the "heat dome" is influenced by three main factors: the inability of warm air to rise, descending air currents that enhance solar radiation, and prolonged dry weather that decreases soil moisture, creating a feedback loop that exacerbates heat [13][29] - The phenomenon is a natural occurrence, but its frequency and intensity are increasing due to global warming, posing significant challenges for humanity [13][26][29] Group 3 - The article highlights the critical threshold of wet bulb temperature at 35°C, which is considered the maximum temperature and humidity combination that the human body can withstand [14][19] - When wet bulb temperature reaches 35°C, it indicates that sweat cannot evaporate effectively, leading to a risk of heat-related illnesses and potentially death [16][19] - Research indicates that for every 1°C increase in temperature, the risk of death related to cardiovascular diseases increases by 2.1% [19][26]

Group 1: Climate Change and Heatwaves - The current heatwave in the Northern Hemisphere is linked to a persistent high-pressure system known as the "heat dome," which traps warm air near the surface, resulting in prolonged hot, clear, and dry weather [1][5] - June 2025 was recorded as the third hottest June globally since records began, with an average surface temperature of 16.46 degrees Celsius, 0.47 degrees Celsius higher than the average from 1991 to 2020 [2] - The World Meteorological Organization (WMO) warns that there is an 80% probability of experiencing the warmest years between 2025 and 2029, with a 86% chance of global warming exceeding 1.5 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels [2] Group 2: Regional Impacts and Trends - The frequency and intensity of extreme heat events in Europe are increasing, with projections indicating that by 2050, about half of the European population may face high heat stress risks during summer [3] - Since 1950, over two-thirds of extreme heat events in Europe have occurred after 2000, with a notable increase in "tropical nights," where nighttime temperatures remain above 25 degrees Celsius [3] Group 3: Economic Implications - The extreme heat is expected to slow global economic growth by 0.6 percentage points this year, with one day of extreme heat (temperatures exceeding 32 degrees Celsius) equating to half a day of work stoppage [10] - The International Energy Agency reported a 0.8% increase in CO2 emissions related to energy in 2024, reaching a record 3.78 billion tons, contributing to a rise in atmospheric CO2 concentration to 422.5 PPM, which is 50% above pre-industrial levels [7] Group 4: Global Response and Cooperation - The WMO emphasizes the need for enhanced international cooperation to address climate challenges, including the establishment of global early warning systems, as only 50% of countries currently have multi-hazard early warning systems [10] - Increased financing support from international financial institutions and climate funds is crucial for climate change mitigation efforts, particularly for vulnerable populations in developing countries [10]

Core Insights - The summer of 2025 has been marked by extreme heat, with June being recorded as the "third hottest" June globally, with an average surface temperature of 16.46 degrees Celsius, 0.47 degrees higher than the average from 1991-2020 [2][4] - Europe experienced two significant heatwaves in June, with temperatures exceeding 40 degrees Celsius in some regions, particularly in Spain and Portugal, attributed to a persistent high-pressure system known as the "heat dome" [2][6] - The Mediterranean region recorded unprecedented sea surface temperatures, reaching an average of 27.0 degrees Celsius, which is 3.7 degrees above the average, exacerbating heat stress and impacting marine biodiversity [8] Temperature Trends - The global temperature from July 2024 to June 2025 was 0.67 degrees Celsius above the 1991-2020 average and 1.55 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels [4] - In Europe, the average land temperature for June was 18.46 degrees Celsius, 1.10 degrees higher than the 1991-2020 average, marking it as the "fifth hottest" June on record [4][7] - Japan reported its hottest June since records began in 1898, with an average temperature 2.34 degrees Celsius above the 1991-2020 average [6] Heat Stress and Health Impacts - Western and Central Europe faced extreme heat stress, with average temperatures reaching 20.49 degrees Celsius, surpassing the previous record set in 2003 [7] - The occurrence of "tropical nights," where temperatures remain above 20 degrees Celsius, increased significantly, leading to health risks associated with prolonged heat exposure [7] - The extreme heat conditions have heightened the risk of ozone air pollution and increased the likelihood of wildfires [9]

9日，欧盟气候监测机构哥白尼气候变化服务局发布最新数据确认，2025年6月是全球第三热的6月，平 均地表气温为16.46摄氏度，比1991年-2020年期间的6月平均值高0.47摄氏度。同时，2025年6月中旬和6 月下旬至7月初，欧洲大陆经历了两次显著的热浪。第一次热浪在6月17日至22日达到顶峰，影响了西欧 和南欧的大部分地区。第二次热浪发生在6月30日至7月2日之间，同一地区的气温更加极端。一些国家 的地表气温超过40摄氏度，西班牙和葡萄牙的气温高达46摄氏度。两次热浪都与持续的高压系统"热穹 顶"有关，该系统将暖空气困在空气中，导致长时间的炎热、晴朗和干燥天气。(第一财经) ...

Core Viewpoint - The article highlights the unprecedented extreme heat experienced in June and early July across Europe and Asia, indicating a shift towards a new normal of extreme temperatures due to climate change [1][9][10] Summary by Sections Extreme Heat in June - Spain recorded an average temperature of 23.6 degrees Celsius in June, breaking historical records and exceeding typical July and August averages [2] - England experienced its second hottest June since records began in 1884, with an average temperature of 16.9 degrees Celsius [2] - The extreme heat is attributed to a "heat dome" phenomenon, which traps hot air and leads to prolonged periods of high temperatures [2][3] Record-Breaking Temperatures - Spain's southwestern region of El Granado reached an extreme temperature of 46 degrees Celsius on June 28, potentially setting a new record for June [4] - Lisbon, Portugal, recorded 46.6 degrees Celsius on June 29, marking the highest temperature for June in mainland Portugal [5] - France issued warnings for temperatures exceeding 40 degrees Celsius, leading to the closure of nearly 1,900 schools [5] Impact on Landmarks and Public Safety - The Eiffel Tower in Paris closed its observation deck due to extreme heat, and the region issued a red alert for high temperatures [6] - The Atomium in Brussels also reduced its opening hours due to the heat, marking only the second occurrence of such a measure [6] Future Weather Outlook - A forecast for rain and significant cooling is expected in many parts of Europe, providing temporary relief from the extreme heat [8] Climate Change Implications - UN Secretary-General António Guterres stated that extreme heat is becoming the new normal, emphasizing the urgent need for more ambitious climate action [9] - The director of the Copernicus Climate Change Service noted that Europe is experiencing unprecedented heat, which is expected to become more frequent and intense due to climate change [10]

Core Points - The "heat dome" phenomenon is currently affecting millions in the Northern Hemisphere, particularly in Europe and the United States, leading to dangerously high temperatures [1][2] - Climate scientists report that the intensity and duration of such extreme atmospheric events have nearly doubled since the 1950s [1] - The UK experienced its hottest June on record, with temperatures in London expected to reach 35°C, while parts of the US saw temperatures exceed 40°C [1][4] Group 1 - The "heat dome" is characterized by high-pressure systems that trap hot air in a region, preventing cooler air from entering, resulting in heat waves [1][2] - In Europe, countries like Greece, Spain, and France are facing unprecedented heat, with temperatures deviating from seasonal averages by 10°C to 14°C [2] - The phenomenon is linked to human-induced climate change, which has increased greenhouse gas levels, making it harder for the Earth to release excess heat [2][10] Group 2 - Research indicates that the frequency of atmospheric blocking events, which lead to heat waves, wildfires, and floods, has increased significantly over the past 70 years [8] - The current "double heat dome" phenomenon is associated with persistent fluctuations in jet streams, which are not fully captured by existing climate models [10] - Experts warn that typical summer weather patterns are becoming a thing of the past, with extreme temperature and precipitation events becoming the norm [10]

Group 1 - The article highlights the extreme heat wave affecting multiple countries in the Northern Hemisphere since June, with record-breaking temperatures prompting health warnings [1][2][4][6][12] - France has issued a red heat warning for Paris and 15 other provinces, with temperatures exceeding 40 degrees Celsius in some areas [2][4] - Spain is experiencing its strongest heat wave in 50 years, with temperatures in some regions surpassing 40 degrees Celsius, including a record of 46 degrees Celsius in Andalusia [6][8] - Portugal has also reported extreme temperatures, with a small town reaching 46.6 degrees Celsius, leading to high fire risks across 80 cities [8][9] - Germany is facing a severe heat wave, with temperatures expected to exceed 35 degrees Celsius and potentially reach 41 degrees Celsius in some areas [9] - The UK has recorded its hottest June since 1884, with average temperatures reaching the second highest on record, prompting health advisories [12][14] - Belgium's Atomium has been closed due to extreme heat, marking the first closure in six years due to high temperatures [18] Group 2 - The phenomenon causing these extreme temperatures is referred to as the "heat dome," which traps hot air in a specific area while preventing cooler air from entering [19][21] - Experts note that while the "heat dome" is a natural occurrence, climate change is increasing the likelihood and severity of such heat waves, impacting human health, food and water security, and ecosystems [23]