Core Viewpoint - The U.S. faces a "dilemma" regarding the dollar, balancing between maintaining its status as the dominant international reserve currency and addressing domestic economic challenges [1][6][15]. Group 1: Global Trade and Currency Connection - The current global trade and tariff disputes are deeply intertwined with currency issues, particularly the dollar's role in international trade [1][5]. - There are two main channels connecting trade disputes to currency: traditional exchange rates and the impact of high domestic savings rates in countries like China [2][4]. Group 2: U.S. Dollar's Dilemma - The U.S. aims to promote a competitive dollar to enhance manufacturing and improve trade balances while also wanting to maintain its geopolitical leverage through the dollar [6][15]. - Achieving both objectives is seen as unlikely, as the dollar will have to concede some of its global dominance [6][15]. Group 3: Potential Challengers to the Dollar - Four currencies are identified as potential challengers to the dollar: the euro, the renminbi, Special Drawing Rights (SDR), and digital currencies [8][9][12]. - The euro faces challenges related to the EU's internal dynamics and lacks a corresponding fiscal authority [8]. - The renminbi has made progress in internationalization but still lags in global financial transactions and reserves [9][10]. Group 4: Opportunities for Reform - The current situation presents an opportunity for reform in the international monetary system, particularly if the U.S. allows the dollar to retreat from its dominant position [13][14]. - The role of SDR could be expanded to provide a more stable alternative to the dollar, promoting a multipolar currency system [12][14]. Group 5: Conditions for Currency as Reserve - For a currency to serve as a reserve, it must provide stable and secure assets, which is currently a challenge for alternatives to the dollar [19][20]. - The global demand for reserve currencies is complex, and the scale of dollar assets may not reflect the actual need for reserve currencies [20][21].

文/ 中国人民银行原行长 周小川 中国人民银行原行长周小川在2 02 5清华五道口全球金融论坛闭门研讨会 上的演讲中指出，美国在美元问题上实际上存在着两个互相矛盾的目标， 面临"两难选择"。问题的关键在于，国际货币体系中，有没有其他货币敢 于且有能力出来挑战现状，不一定是公开进行挑战，而是寻求机会在实际 应用领域逐步替代部分美元，那么国际货币体系就可能出现新的局面。 全球贸易关税争端与美元的两难选择 第二个渠道是储蓄率的外溢与货币相关。 这种分析认为，全球贸易之所以不平衡，与亚洲特别是中国的国内储蓄率过高有关，它导致大量贸易顺 差及强劲的对外投融资。这种过高的储蓄主要是本币的，但通过国际货币体系产生转换，形成对外的贸易、投资和借贷等行动。 图为周小川 在2008年全球金融危机时，时任美联储主席伯南克就从储蓄过量（saving glut）的角度分析美国为什么出现次贷危机。他认为，亚洲包括中国在内 储蓄率过高，大量的储蓄资金通过美元涌入美国市场，压低了美国国内利率和美国家庭储蓄率。虽然美国民众注重消费，国际收支经常项目逆差， 但有资本流入，美元仍过于强劲。至于这种渠道是否对美国产生不公平，那可能需要另外讨论。 因 ...