在迁移体研究十周年之际， 俞立 教授在 Cell Research 期刊发表了题为 ： A decade of migrasome research: biogenesis, physiological functions, and disease implications 的综述论文 【2】 。 该综述 全面总结了当前对迁移体生物学的见解，特别关注其形成过程中的分子机制以及已确定的细胞和生理功能 。此外，该综述还强调了迁移体研究中面临的挑 战和尚未解决的问题，这些问题将继续塑造并推动这一令人兴奋的研究领域的未来发展。 编译丨王聪 编辑丨王多鱼 排版丨水成文 2015 年，清华大学 俞立 教授团队在 Cell Research 期刊发表论文 【1】 ，首次发现了细胞中的一种 新型细胞器 ——这是一种 大的膜包被结构，其中包含了数 量不等的小囊泡，形似打开的石榴，由于其形成依赖于细胞迁移，因此被命名为 迁移体 （ M igrasome） 。 十年来，学术界对于迁移体的认识有了显著提高。研究人员已经阐明了迁移体生物学的关键方面，包括其生成机制、在细胞生理中的作用以及在各种疾病中的影 响。与此同时，用于迁移体分析的 ...

编辑丨王多鱼 排版丨水成文 在这项最新研究中，研究团队发现，与天然 突触后致密区 （ postsynaptic density，PSD） 类似，重构的 PSD 凝聚体形成了一种软玻璃材料，且没有不可逆淀 粉样结构的形成迹象。这种玻璃样 PSD 凝聚体的形成依赖于支架蛋白间特异性、多价相互作用介导的 PSD 蛋白网络渗流。破坏 Shank3 的 SAM 结构域介导的 寡聚化 （一种在Phelan-McDermid综合征患者中观察到的 SHANK3 基因突变，患者 临床为智力障碍、语言发育迟缓、自闭症和肌张力低下 ） ，会通过削弱网 络渗流，使 PSD 凝聚体变软 （由软玻璃样向近液态转变） ，进而损害突触传递和可塑性，并导致小鼠出现自闭症样行为。 该研究的核心发现： Shank3 的寡聚化使 PSD 凝聚物具有软玻璃样材料特性 蛋白质网络特性决定 PSD 凝聚物的物质特性； Shank3 寡聚化缺失使突触后致密区变软并损害突触可塑性； 物质特性对于生物凝聚体的功能至关重要。 细胞含有通过 相分离 形成的多种类型的 无膜细胞器 和 生物凝聚体 。这些细胞生物凝聚体具有广泛的物质特性，从牛顿流体到弹性固体。关于生物 ...

Core Viewpoint - The research reveals that aggresomes, a type of non-membrane organelle in Escherichia coli, play a crucial role in protecting mRNA integrity under stress, thereby enhancing bacterial survival and recovery efficiency in adverse conditions [4][7][9]. Group 1: Research Findings - The study published in Nature Microbiology demonstrates that aggresomes selectively protect mRNA through electrostatic repulsion mechanisms, which is vital for the survival of persister cells under stress [4][8]. - Long-term stress leads to ATP depletion, resulting in increased formation and accumulation of aggresomes, along with specific mRNA enrichment within these structures [8]. - The research indicates that mRNA stored in aggresomes facilitates rapid reactivation of translation, contributing to a reduction in lag phase during bacterial growth after stress removal [8][9]. Group 2: Implications - Understanding the role of aggresomes in mRNA protection provides insights into bacterial resistance mechanisms, potentially guiding the development of novel antibacterial strategies targeting persister cells [4][7]. - The findings highlight the significance of non-membrane organelles in bacterial stress responses, which could influence future research in microbiology and antibiotic resistance [4][9].

Core Viewpoint - The research published by Tsinghua University's team reveals a unique "hypertranscription state" in early embryos, highlighting the interplay between chromatin architecture and transcriptional activity, indicating a highly coordinated interaction between chromatin structure and transcription processes [2][5]. Group 1: Chromatin Structure and Dynamics - The study identifies that the conventional chromatin organization, including Topologically Associating Domains (TADs), disassembles after fertilization, followed by a slow re-establishment of three-dimensional chromatin structure during zygotic genome activation [2]. - CTCF, a highly conserved DNA-binding protein, plays a crucial role in regulating chromatin higher-order structures and is continuously present in chromatin during early mouse development, while cohesin's binding ability is weak during the single-cell embryo stage [4]. Group 2: Gene Activation and Cohesin Islands - The research found that genes associated with Genic Cohesin Islands (GCIs) are enriched in cell identity and regulatory genes, showing extensive H3K4me3 modifications in their promoter regions, indicating active transcription [5]. - There is a significant transcriptional activity from the two-cell to the eight-cell stage, which is essential for GCI formation, and induced transcription can directly generate GCIs [5]. Group 3: Interaction Between Chromatin and Transcription - GCIs serve as insulating boundaries that form contact domains with adjacent CTCF sites, enhancing both the transcription levels and stability of GCI-related genes [5]. - The findings emphasize the dynamic remodeling of three-dimensional genome structures and their reciprocal regulation by transcriptional activity, underscoring the close relationship between chromatin conformation and transcription processes in early embryos [5].

撰文丨王聪 编辑丨王多鱼 排版丨水成文 从水生到陆生的生态转变 （水陆过渡） 是脊椎动物演化史上的重大事件，这一过程需要动物在生理、形态和生物力学上克服多项关键挑战，而皮肤的结构重塑 （尤其是四肢接触面的适应性演化） 在这一过程中起到了核心作用。 具体而言， 水陆过渡需要 动物演化出特殊的 爪皮 以适应陆地生活 ，包括角质层增厚以 支撑体重并在运动中抵抗地面的机械应力，爪皮 表面演化出凸起或凹槽 等微纳米结构来增大接触面积和调节摩擦系数从而提高运动效率。 2025 年 8 月 4 日，北京生命科学研究所陈婷团队在国际顶尖学术期刊 Cell 上发表了题为： A mechano-resistance mechanism in skin adapts to terrestrial locomotion 的研究论文。 该研究揭示了皮肤中的机械阻力机制通过适应性演化支持动物在陆地生活的运动，这一发现还为 掌跖角化病 （ Palmoplantar Keratoderma， PPK） 提供了干 预策略。 在这项最新研究中，研究团队发现了皮肤上皮细胞中存在的一种进化中形成的机制，可适应陆地生活机械应力的需求。 该研究研究表明 ...

撰文丨王聪 编辑丨王多鱼 排版丨水成文 吲哚乙酸 （IAA） 是植物 生长素 （ Auxin ） 的主要形式，对植物的生长至关重要。 生长素抗性-1 （AUX1） 是首个被鉴定出的生长素转运蛋白，在植物的愈 伤组织生长、维管组织模式形成、叶片叶序模式形成、 根冠发育以及顶端钩形成等方面发挥着关键的调控作用。然而，其作用机制目前还不十分清楚。 近日，西湖大学 施一公 院士 、 王程程 副研究员、 敬丹 等人在《 美国国家科学院院刊 》 （PNAS） 上发表了题为： Structural basis of auxin binding and transport by Arabidopsis thaliana AUX1 的研究论文。 该研究解析了拟南芥 AUX1 在未结合 IAA 状态和结合 IAA 状态下的冷冻电镜结构，从而 揭示了 AUX1 结合和转运生长素的结构基础。 在这项新研究中，研究团队解析了拟南芥 AUX1 在未结合 IAA 状态和结合 IAA 状态下的冷冻电镜结构。 AUX1 以单体形式存在，包含 11 个 跨膜螺旋 （T ransmembrane Helice， TM） 。TM1 至 5 和 TM ...

Core Viewpoint - The article discusses recent research that uncovers the biosynthesis pathway of salicylic acid in plants, which is crucial for their defense mechanisms and has implications for developing disease-resistant crop varieties [4][14][20]. Group 1: Research Findings - A team from Sichuan University published a study in Nature revealing a three-step biosynthesis pathway of salicylic acid from benzoyl-CoA in plants [4][5]. - The study identified three key enzymes involved in this pathway: BEBT, BBO, and BSH, which are conserved across various plant species [13][14]. - The research provides a molecular basis for understanding the differences in disease resistance among different plant groups, particularly major food crops [6][14]. Group 2: Comparative Studies - Concurrently, two other studies from Zhejiang University and Zhejiang Normal University also published in Nature focused on the biosynthesis of salicylic acid from phenylalanine, contributing to a more comprehensive understanding of this process [16][18][20]. - These studies collectively address the long-standing gaps in knowledge regarding salicylic acid biosynthesis pathways in plants [20].

Core Viewpoint - The article discusses a groundbreaking study that constructs a comprehensive human proteome aging map across a 50-year lifespan, revealing critical insights into the molecular mechanisms of aging and potential intervention targets [3][4][19]. Group 1: Research Findings - The study integrates ultra-sensitive mass spectrometry and machine learning to create a dynamic landscape of protein aging across seven physiological systems and 13 key tissues [4]. - It identifies protein information disruption as a core feature of organ aging, highlighting the role of mRNA-protein decoupling and pathological amyloid deposition in the systemic collapse of proteostasis networks [7]. - The vascular system is established as a "pioneer organ" in the aging process, significantly deviating from homeostatic trajectories early in life [7]. Group 2: Molecular Characterization of Aging - The research confirms that aging is accompanied by systemic proteostasis imbalance, characterized by a breakdown of the central dogma information flow, leading to impaired conversion of genetic information into functional proteins [9]. - Key findings include widespread accumulation of pathological proteins, forming an inflammatory aging network, which serves as a molecular basis for inflammaging [9][10]. Group 3: Aging Milestones and Mechanisms - The study identifies around 30 years of age as a critical inflection point for aging trajectories, with adrenal tissues showing early aging characteristics [12]. - A significant biological transition occurs between 45-55 years, where most organ proteomes experience a "molecular cascade storm," marking a key window for systemic aging acceleration [12][21]. Group 4: Vascular Aging Mechanisms - The research validates the "vascular aging hub" hypothesis, demonstrating that specific senescence-associated secretory factors, such as GAS6, drive endothelial and smooth muscle cell aging [15][16]. - Evidence supports the theory of "aging diffusion," where local aging tissues influence distant organs through specific secretory factors [16]. Group 5: Implications for Aging Research and Interventions - The study proposes a new framework for systemic aging research, moving beyond single-tissue models to a multi-organ interaction network [19]. - It introduces a novel tool for precise aging assessment through the development of organ-specific "proteome aging clocks," enabling non-invasive evaluation of biological age [20]. - Key intervention targets are identified, including factors mediating inter-organ signaling and common biomarkers, with the 45-55 age range highlighted as a critical intervention window [21]. - The findings pave the way for proactive aging disease prevention strategies, shifting from reactive treatment to early intervention based on molecular aging clocks [23]. Group 6: Methodological Innovations - The research successfully combines ultra-sensitive mass spectrometry, AI modeling, and multi-scale omics analysis to create a comprehensive framework for studying aging [24]. - This methodological advancement enhances the understanding of human aging and accelerates the translation of life sciences technologies into clinical applications [24].

Core Findings - The study reveals a "same-sex clustering" phenomenon in families with multiple children, challenging the traditional view that each child's gender is an independent event with a 50% probability for boys and girls [3][4][5][7] - For families with three or more children, the likelihood of having all boys or all girls is higher than having both genders [7] - The probability of a woman having another boy after already having one boy is 57%, and this probability increases to 61% after having three boys. Similarly, the probability of having another girl after having one girl is 53%, increasing to 58% after three girls [4][5] Maternal Age Influence - The research indicates that a mother's age at the time of her first childbirth significantly affects the gender of her children. Women who give birth after the age of 29 have a 13% higher probability of having only boys or only girls compared to those who give birth before age 23 [9][10] - This suggests that the maternal environment, which changes with age, may influence the success of sperm carrying X or Y chromosomes [10] Genetic Factors - The study identifies specific genes associated with a tendency to give birth to boys or girls. A particular SNP (rs58090855) on chromosome 10 is linked to a higher likelihood of having girls, while another SNP (rs1506275) near the TSHZ1 gene on chromosome 18 is associated with a higher likelihood of having boys [12][13] - This indicates that some women may have a genetic predisposition that affects the gender ratio of their offspring, providing a new perspective on family gender patterns [13] Conclusion - Overall, the research demonstrates that the gender of newborns is not entirely random, with maternal age and specific genetic mutations playing significant roles in determining offspring gender [14][15] - The findings open new avenues for exploring the complex biological mechanisms influencing gender determination, while emphasizing that the study's purpose is to reveal natural patterns rather than to facilitate gender selection [15][16]

Core Insights - A research team led by the University of Copenhagen and the University of Cambridge has successfully extracted ancient DNA from 214 known human pathogens across Eurasia, creating a comprehensive map of human infectious diseases spanning thousands of years [1] - This study represents the largest-scale research on the history of infectious diseases to date, providing significant new insights into how interactions between humans and animals have profoundly altered human health patterns [1] - The findings, published in the journal Nature, reveal the long-standing historical struggle between humans and pathogens, offering important references for future public health strategies and vaccine design [1]