近日，重庆市疾控部门发布提醒，1月，诺如病毒感染正处于高发期，需要特别防范。记者走访了多家 医院儿科，近期各医院均接诊了多名诺如病毒患儿，一些家长习惯性地认为孩子到了冬季，胃肠功能减 弱导致了呕吐腹泻，自行用药反而耽误病情。这种被称为"冬季呕吐病"的儿童高发疾病，到底要怎么辨 别？家长要怎么帮助孩子预防呢？记者采访了重庆市妇幼保健院儿内科主任李雪梅。 科学应对无需盲目用药 "目前针对诺如病毒感染既没有特效药，也没有专用疫苗，治疗核心是对症支持，重点预防脱水。"李雪 梅强调，这是家长最需要明确的一点，切勿因急于缓解症状而自行给孩子使用抗生素或止泻药，抗生素 不仅对病毒无效，还可能破坏肠道菌群平衡。 对于症状较轻的患者，居家护理的关键是补液。李雪梅建议，家长应给患病孩子少量多次饮用温开水或 口服补液盐，避免因一次性大量饮水引发呕吐。若孩子呕吐严重无法进食进水，或出现明显脱水症状， 如口渴、烦躁哭闹、唇干舌燥、囟门及眼眶凹陷、尿量减少、皮肤弹性变差等，需立即就医，必要时进 行静脉补液纠正电解质紊乱。 李雪梅指出，诺如病毒主要侵犯肠道上皮细胞，导致肠道吸收能力下降，引发腹泻呕吐，但其病变具有 可逆性，一般2周左右可完 ...

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Core Points - Norovirus is a common non-bacterial pathogen causing acute gastroenteritis, and recent alerts from health departments indicate that infections have reached a peak period [1] Group 1: Health Recommendations - Parents should closely monitor their children's health status, and educational institutions must implement daily preventive measures [1] - Key prevention methods include thorough handwashing before meals and after using the restroom, as well as before food preparation [2] - Food safety practices should involve separating raw and cooked foods, ensuring thorough cooking of meat, seafood, and eggs [2] - Individuals exhibiting symptoms such as vomiting, diarrhea, or fever should seek medical attention and remain at home until symptoms have resolved for 48-72 hours [2] - Cleaning and disinfecting contaminated surfaces and items is crucial, especially if family members or students show symptoms; recommended disinfectants include chlorine-based products [2]

Core Insights - The article emphasizes the heightened risk of various infectious diseases following flood disasters, particularly intestinal infectious diseases, zoonotic diseases, and respiratory infectious diseases [1] Summary by Category Prevention of Intestinal Infectious Diseases - Intestinal infectious diseases, such as cholera, bacterial dysentery, typhoid, and hand-foot-mouth disease, are prevalent after flood disasters [2] - Key preventive measures include ensuring drinking water hygiene by consuming only boiled or sanitized bottled water, and maintaining cleanliness of water storage containers [2] - Food safety is crucial; food should be thoroughly cooked, and utensils must be cleaned and disinfected before use [2] - Environmental hygiene involves thorough cleaning and disinfection of homes affected by flooding, including the removal of stagnant water and debris [2] Prevention of Zoonotic Diseases - Zoonotic diseases of concern post-flood include dengue fever, hemorrhagic fever, leptospirosis, and plague [3] - Preventive actions include maintaining cleanliness to avoid rodent infestations, proper storage of food, and personal protective measures when handling sick animals [3] - It is advised to keep livestock away from living areas, avoid consuming raw milk or undercooked meat, and implement mosquito control measures [3] Prevention of Respiratory Infectious Diseases - The risk of respiratory infectious diseases, such as COVID-19 and influenza, increases in temporary shelters due to close contact among individuals [4] - Preventive strategies include maintaining personal hygiene, ensuring adequate rest, and monitoring health for respiratory symptoms [4] - Emphasis is placed on environmental hygiene through regular ventilation and practicing good hand hygiene [4]

Core Viewpoint - The article emphasizes the importance of preventive measures against various infectious diseases during the upcoming National Day and Mid-Autumn Festival holidays in China, as travel and gatherings are expected to increase significantly [1]. Group 1: Norovirus Gastroenteritis - Norovirus infection peaks from October to March, often causing outbreaks in schools and travel groups, primarily transmitted through contaminated food and water [2] - Common symptoms include nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and diarrhea, with adults mainly experiencing diarrhea and children more often showing vomiting [2] - Preventive measures include frequent handwashing, maintaining food and water hygiene, and proper disinfection of contaminated surfaces [3] Group 2: Mosquito-borne Diseases - Dengue fever, chikungunya, and Zika virus are transmitted by mosquitoes, with symptoms including fever, fatigue, and severe pain [4] - Pregnant women are at higher risk for Zika virus, which can cause severe birth defects [4] - Preventive measures include avoiding mosquito bites, eliminating breeding sites, and monitoring health after returning from endemic areas [5][6] Group 3: Cholera - Cholera is an intestinal infectious disease primarily spread through contaminated water and food, leading to severe dehydration [7] - As of August 2025, over 409,000 cholera cases have been reported globally, with a significant number in Africa [7] - Preventive measures focus on food and water hygiene, emphasizing the consumption of cooked food and safe drinking water [8] Group 4: COVID-19 - COVID-19 symptoms include sore throat, cough, and fever, with older adults at higher risk for severe illness [9] - Preventive measures include maintaining good hygiene, avoiding crowded places when symptomatic, and seeking medical attention promptly [10][11] Group 5: Monkeypox - Monkeypox presents with fever, rash, and swollen lymph nodes, primarily transmitted through direct contact with infected individuals [12] - Preventive measures involve avoiding close contact with suspected cases and being aware of the disease's prevalence in travel destinations [13] Group 6: Food Poisoning - Food poisoning incidents peak during the months of May to October, particularly during holidays when dining out increases [14] - Preventive measures include choosing reputable dining establishments and ensuring proper food handling at home [15] Group 7: Zoonotic Diseases - Contact with livestock or wild animals can lead to zoonotic diseases such as plague and avian influenza [16][17] - Preventive measures include avoiding contact with unknown animals, proper handling of animal products, and seeking medical attention for animal bites [18]

Core Points - The National Health Commission of China held a press conference on July 23, addressing safety issues after flood disasters, emphasizing the importance of home safety checks and health precautions for returning residents [2][3][4] Group 1: Home Safety Measures - Residents should inspect the structural integrity of their homes before re-entering, checking for electrical short circuits, gas leaks, and water pipe leaks to prevent accidents [2] - Homes must be cleared of standing water and mud, thoroughly disinfected, and well-ventilated before occupancy [2][3] - Drinking water safety is crucial; bottled or safe local water should be prioritized, and self-supplied water sources must be properly treated before use [2][3] Group 2: Health Precautions - Measures to prevent mosquito, fly, and rodent infestations are essential, especially in areas with reported vector-borne diseases [3] - The recent outbreak of Chikungunya fever in southern cities highlights the need for mosquito control and personal protective measures [3] - Food that has been submerged in floodwaters should not be consumed due to potential contamination [4] Group 3: Mental Health and Monitoring - Health monitoring is important; individuals should seek medical attention for symptoms like fever, diarrhea, or rashes [4] - Psychological well-being should be addressed, with professional help sought if self-regulation is insufficient [4]