Public Disclosure Authorized Water Security and Climate Change: Insights from Country Climate and Development Reports 1 Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Water Security and Climate Change Insights from Country Climate and Development Reports WATER SECURITY AND CLIMATE CHANGE: INSIGHTS FROM COUNTRY CLIMATE AND DEVELOPMENT REPORTS ABOUT THE WATER GLOBAL PRACTICE Launched in 2014, the World Bank Group's Water Global Practice brings together financing, knowle ...

Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Global Regulations, Institutional Development, and Market Authorities Perspective Toolkit (GRIDMAP) | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | |-------|---------------|-------------------|-------|-------|-------| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Consumer | | | | | | | | Protection Module | | | | | | November 2024 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Finance, Competitiveness & Innovation Finance, Competitiveness & Innovation Public Disclosure Authorized Pu ...

Investment Rating - The report does not explicitly provide an investment rating for the industry. Core Insights - Economic growth in Algeria remained robust, with GDP growth at 3.9% year-on-year in H1-2024, supported by non-extractive sectors and dynamic investment [17][19] - Non-hydrocarbon exports have significant growth potential, having tripled since 2017 to reach 2.0% of GDP or US$ 5.1 billion in 2023, although they still represent a small fraction of total exports [20][34] - Inflation decelerated to 4.3% in the first nine months of 2024, down from 9.3% in 2022 and 2023, due to stabilization in fresh food prices and moderated import prices [17][19] Summary by Sections Chapter 1: Recent Economic Developments - Non-extractive GDP grew by 3.9% year-on-year in H1-2024, driven by strong investment growth and robust private consumption [38] - The current account reached balance in H1-2024, following a surplus of 2.3% of GDP in 2023, as export prices and volumes declined while import volumes remained high [17][19] - Inflation fell significantly in H1-2024, attributed to stabilized fresh food prices and a stable exchange rate [17][19] Chapter 2: Outlook and Risks - Growth is expected to slow moderately in 2024, with GDP projected to grow at 3.1%, while external and fiscal deficits are anticipated to widen [19][20] - Public debt is projected to reach 49.5% of GDP by the end of 2024, driven by declining hydrocarbon revenues and increased public spending [19][20] - A recovery in hydrocarbon output is expected to support growth rebound in 2025, although faster import growth may lead to a current account deficit [19][20] Chapter 3: Towards a Holistic Framework to Support Exports - Algeria's non-hydrocarbon export potential is significant, with a goal to export US$ 29 billion in non-hydrocarbon products by 2030 [20][34] - Productivity growth and conducive macroeconomic policies are essential for enhancing export competitiveness [20][34] - Adapting to global decarbonization efforts is crucial, as over 80% of Algeria's non-hydrocarbon exports to Europe are concentrated in carbon-intensive products [20][34]

Investment Rating - The report does not explicitly provide an investment rating for the electric mobility sector in Vietnam. Core Insights - The report outlines a series of policy recommendations aimed at transitioning Vietnam's road transportation sector towards electric mobility (E-Mobility) using electric vehicles (EVs) to achieve significant emission reductions and energy independence [32][88]. - The transition is expected to require substantial investments in the power sector and charging infrastructure, with an estimated cumulative investment of up to US$9 billion needed by 2030 and US$14 billion annually from 2031 to 2050 [79][80]. - The E-Mobility transition is projected to create up to 6.5 million new manufacturing jobs by 2050 and save the economy up to US$498 billion in petroleum imports [91][93]. Summary by Sections Executive Summary - The report presents recommendations to achieve Vietnam's targets for reducing greenhouse gas emissions from the transportation sector, aiming for 50% of urban vehicles and 100% of urban buses and taxis to be powered by electricity by 2030, and 100% of all road vehicles by 2050 [32][33]. Context and Objectives - The report highlights Vietnam's commitment to reducing transportation sector emissions, which accounted for approximately 32.93 million tons of CO2 equivalent in 2021, representing 10.7% of overall energy-related GHG emissions [97]. Landscape for E-Mobility Transition - Vietnam is positioned as the world's second-largest market for electric two-wheelers (E-2Ws), with a market share of 12% in 2022, indicating a strong potential for rapid E-2W uptake [38]. E-Mobility Transition Pathways - To meet EV uptake targets, sales must increase from 500,000 units in 2022 to approximately 1.5 million by 2030 and 7.3 million by 2050, representing a total demand of over 7 million EVs from 2024 to 2030 [35]. Electrification of Public Transport - The report emphasizes the need for a complete transition to electric public buses by 2030, requiring the phase-out of 9,600 existing diesel buses and the addition of approximately 10,500 electric buses in Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City [56]. Impact on Power System - The report projects that EV charging will not significantly impact Vietnam's power sector before 2030, but will require substantial additional generation capacity and network expansion post-2030, with an estimated 28% increase in power demand by 2050 [67][68]. Job Creation and Economic Benefits - The E-Mobility transition is expected to generate significant economic benefits, including job creation and reduced environmental damage costs, with potential savings of US$30 million by 2030 and US$6.4 billion by 2050 due to reduced local air pollution [91].

Investment Rating - The report does not explicitly provide an investment rating for the water and sanitation utilities industry Core Insights - The Utility of the Future (UoF) program aims to transform water and sanitation utilities into future-focused, action-oriented entities that provide reliable, safe, inclusive, transparent, and responsive services [39][40] - The UoF methodology is structured into two main phases: UoF Standard and UoF Advanced, focusing on establishing a foundation for transformation and implementing comprehensive business and investment plans [41][43] - The program has been implemented in over 100 utilities across more than 35 countries, demonstrating its scalability and adaptability to various operational environments [54] Summary by Sections Executive Summary - The UoF program addresses the challenges of providing water and sanitation services to the 2.4 billion people lacking improved sanitation and 0.7 billion without reliable drinking water [39][60] - It provides a structured approach for utilities to undergo comprehensive transformation [39] Chapter 1: Introduction - The UoF program is designed to help utilities navigate challenges such as intermittent supply and inadequate customer service [61][62] - It emphasizes the need for a forward-looking, action-oriented utility that continuously improves its services [62] Chapter 2: The Utility of the Future Framework - The UoF is defined as a utility that operates dynamically, efficiently, and sustainably, aiming to meet the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 6 [40][78] - The program's objectives include igniting sustainable transformation, guiding utilities through the transformation process, and strengthening internal capabilities [72][76] Chapter 3: Become a Utility of the Future - The UoF implementation methodology consists of five stages: Ignition, Action, Vision, Plan, and Acceleration [128][130] - The Ignition stage involves a comprehensive analysis of the utility's current state to identify opportunities for improvement [135] - The Action stage focuses on implementing a 100-day action plan with high-impact initiatives [136] - The Vision stage defines the utility's strategic architecture, while the Plan stage develops a comprehensive business and investment plan [137][139] - The Acceleration stage consists of a one-year deep-change program tailored to the utility's context and needs [140]

Photo by: Chad-Tremeau October 2024 Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized ADMIRED IN THEORY, PUSHED OUT IN PRACTICE: CHALLENGES FACED BY WOMEN PURSUING WORK IN MALE-DOMINATED SECTORS IN GUINEA, CONAKRY Authors: Rachael Pierotti, Maria Emilia Cucagna, Isabel Pike, Mame Soukeye Mbaye1 KEY MESSAGES • Women business owners in Conakry, Republic of Guinea operating in maledominated sectors of the economy earn substantially more than women running businesses in sect ...

Industry Overview - The study focuses on economic mobility in Malaysia from 2004 to 2022, analyzing poverty dynamics, vulnerability, and income mobility using a synthetic panel approach based on nationally representative household survey data [4][10] - The research employs three scenarios for setting poverty lines and investigates absolute and relative mobility across income groups, with a particular focus on chronic poverty and economic security [10][12] Key Findings on Poverty Dynamics - Chronic poverty in Malaysia decreased significantly from 22-28% of the population in 2004-2007 to 2-3% in 2019-2022, with the share of consistently non-poor individuals rising to around 88% [66] - Poverty entry rates declined from 13-21% in 2004-2007 to 3-5% in 2019-2022, indicating improved economic conditions and reduced vulnerability [66] - Conditional probabilities show that chances of escaping poverty increased from 29-41% in 2004 to 60-76% in 2019-2022, while the likelihood of remaining poor decreased from 59-71% to 24-40% over the same period [70] Subgroup Analysis - Ethnic disparities in chronic poverty have narrowed, with Bumiputeras experiencing a decline from 30-35% in 2004-2007 to 3-5% in 2019-2022, while Chinese Malaysians and Indian Malaysians saw reductions to 0.5% and 1-2%, respectively [74] - Regional disparities persist, with rural East Malaysia having the highest chronic poverty rate at 13-17% in 2019-2022, compared to 1% in urban Peninsular Malaysia [82] - Poverty entry remains high in rural East Malaysia, with 6-14% of the population falling into poverty in each interval, indicating ongoing vulnerability [86] Economic Mobility and Vulnerability - Under scenario 1, the share of the population classified as persistently economically secure increased from 17-21% in 2004-2007 to 50-55% in 2019-2022, while downward mobility decreased from 15-21% to 11-16% [99] - Scenario 2, which uses higher income thresholds, shows that 31-36% of Malaysians achieved middle/upper class status by 2019-2022, but downward mobility remained significant at 15-21% [103] - Urban Peninsular Malaysia has a much higher share of persistently secure individuals (60-64%) compared to rural East Malaysia (12-16%), highlighting stark regional inequalities [111] Relative Mobility - Relative mobility between income quintiles remained stable, with 24-32% of the population experiencing upward mobility and 27-34% experiencing downward mobility in any given interval [116] - Persistence at the top and bottom of the income distribution is notable, with 9-12% of the population remaining in the bottom quintile and 11-14% staying in the top quintile over time [118] - Ethnic differences in mobility are evident, with Chinese Malaysians more likely to remain in the top quintile (22-29%) compared to Bumiputeras (7-10%) [121] Conclusion - The study concludes that while absolute poverty has decreased significantly, relative mobility remains low, with persistent inequalities between regions and ethnic groups [135][136] - Rural East Malaysia continues to face the highest levels of chronic poverty and vulnerability, with limited upward mobility and frequent poverty entry [130][132]

Investment Rating - The report does not explicitly provide an investment rating for the industry under review [3]. Core Insights - The indexation of benefits to inflation is a crucial yet underexplored aspect of adaptive social protection (ASP) systems, which can enhance the adequacy of cash transfers in response to changing economic conditions [11][12]. - A comprehensive analysis of 232 non-contributory cash transfer programs across 158 countries reveals that nearly 80% of these programs incorporate some form of discretionary or automatic indexation, with about one-third utilizing automatic adjustments [12][13]. - The report highlights the evolution of indexation practices over time, noting that while higher-income countries typically have established indexation systems, emerging experiences in lower-income contexts are also noteworthy [13][15]. Summary by Sections Introduction - Food prices have been rising significantly, with some countries experiencing annual food inflation exceeding 40%, and in Argentina, it reached 293% [18]. - The long-term trend shows that real food prices in 2024 are approximately 20% higher than a decade ago and double the levels of the previous two decades [18]. The Case for and Against (Automatic) Indexation - Indexation can be discretionary or automatic, with automatic adjustments providing more predictability and transparency [40]. - Automatic indexation is more prevalent in higher-income countries, while lower-income contexts have fewer examples [65]. Results from Global Indexation Database - Approximately 79% of cash transfer programs adjust benefits, with 68% using ad hoc changes and 32% employing automatic adjustments [60]. - Social pensions are the most commonly automatically indexed cash transfers, with 38% of such programs featuring automatic indexation [70]. Evolution and Adaptations - The report documents significant changes in indexation methods, mechanisms, and frequencies across various countries, illustrating a dynamic evolution in response to inflationary pressures [13][15]. - Countries like India have successfully implemented automatic indexation linked to specific price indices, demonstrating effective adaptation to inflation [47][90]. Conclusions - The report emphasizes the need for a tailored approach to indexation, considering the specific context and objectives of cash transfer programs [16][32]. - It identifies a rich operational agenda for policymakers to enhance the effectiveness of indexation mechanisms in social protection systems [16].

Public Disclosure Authorized Early-Stage Evaluation of the Multiphase Programmatic Approach Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized © 2024 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank 1818 H Street NW Washington, DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000 Internet: www.worldbank.org ATTRIBUTION Please cite the report as: World Bank. 2024. Early-Stage Evaluation of the Multiphase Programmatic Approach. Independent Evaluation Group. Washington, DC ...

Investment Rating - The report does not explicitly provide an investment rating for the industry. Core Insights - Understanding global food production and productivity patterns is essential for addressing poverty, food insecurity, and climate change, with a focus on yield growth patterns across 144 crops covering 98% of global agricultural land and food output [2][7] - The analysis indicates that there has been no discernible slowdown in global yield growth over the past six decades, with an average annual yield increase of approximately 33 kilograms of wheat per hectare [2][44] - The findings suggest that observed deceleration in specific commodities or regions has been offset by gains in others, highlighting the importance of sustainable agricultural practices to ensure food security amid increasing global food demand [2][44] Summary by Sections Introduction - The global population is projected to reach 10 billion by mid-century, making agricultural productivity critical for food supply [7] - Concerns have arisen regarding yield stagnation, particularly in low- and middle-income countries, which could lead to food availability issues [7] Methods and Data - A calorific-based approach is introduced to analyze yield growth, converting crop production into calorific content for better comparison across various crops [9][15] - The study utilizes data from 144 crops from 1961 to 2021, accounting for 98% of global agricultural land [31] Results - Global crop production has nearly quadrupled on a calorific basis over the past six decades, with aggregate global yield rising from approximately 4,330 KCal/ha in 1961 to almost 11,000 KCal/ha in 2021, a 158% increase [34] - The Big-4 commodities (maize, wheat, rice, and soybeans) contributed significantly to yield growth, with their yields tripling during the same period [34] - Emerging markets and developing economies (EMDEs) contributed over 70% to global production growth, with significant yield advancements observed in regions like Southeast Asia and Latin America [34][37] Discussion and Conclusion - The report concludes that global aggregate crop yield has grown consistently at approximately 109 KCal/ha per year from 1961 to 2021, with no evidence of deceleration or acceleration [44] - Future challenges include meeting the expected increase in global food requirements due to population and income growth, necessitating strategic agricultural practices [44]