Core Insights - The report titled "Quantum Internet and Computing Network Collaborative Architecture White Paper 2025" systematically outlines the technologies, architectures, and applications related to quantum internet and computing network collaboration [1][4][5] - It emphasizes the foundational concepts of quantum information technology, including quantum communication, quantum computing, and quantum precision measurement, while also discussing the current state and future directions of quantum internet development [1][12] Group 1: Quantum Information Technology Overview - The report introduces core concepts of quantum mechanics such as superposition, entanglement, and quantum measurement, which are essential for understanding quantum information technology [1][11] - It categorizes typical applications into three areas: quantum communication (including Quantum Key Distribution, Quantum Teleportation, and Quantum Secure Direct Communication), quantum computing (with existing platforms like superconductors and ion traps), and quantum precision measurement [1][11][12] - The document also mentions experimental systems and the DiVincenzo criteria necessary for quantum computing [1][12] Group 2: Quantum Internet Architecture - The architecture of the quantum internet is described, highlighting its development in six stages, including trusted relay, preparation, and measurement [1][12] - Various generations of quantum relays are discussed, with the first generation including pre-report entanglement distribution and all-optical relays using cluster states [1][12] - The report outlines multiple protocol stack options, such as the Van Meter and Wehner five-layer models, and discusses packet switching technologies based on classical-quantum hybrid frames [1][12] Group 3: Quantum Internet Operation Modes - Initial resource-efficient operational modes for the quantum internet are proposed, distinguishing between user and main networks, with nodes including users and routers [1][12] - The report illustrates application protocol operations using examples like BBM92-QKD and distributed quantum computing, emphasizing the need for establishing end-to-end entangled channels before executing protocols [1][12] Group 4: Quantum Computing Network Collaboration - The report analyzes three collaborative trends in quantum computing: quantum cloud computing, integration of quantum and supercomputing, and distributed quantum computing [1][12] - It highlights the special requirements of quantum applications regarding fidelity and latency, necessitating collaboration between quantum and computing networks [1][12] - Research directions are proposed, focusing on resource abstraction and modeling, quantum business modeling, and scheduling framework modeling [1][12] Group 5: Current Status and Future Directions - The report concludes that the quantum internet is still in its early stages, facing challenges in hardware technology and architectural maturity [1][12] - It emphasizes the need for breakthroughs in quantum relay and error correction technologies, alongside the integration of classical infrastructure to foster new collaborative business models in quantum computing [1][12]

Quantum Internet Overview - The white paper outlines the technical foundation, architecture design, key technologies, and the synergy between quantum computing and networking, providing a reference for the engineering realization of quantum internet [1][24]. - Quantum internet is defined as a network connecting quantum nodes to support applications that classical internet cannot achieve, currently in its early stages with immature hardware and software [4][24]. Quantum Information Technology Basics - Core concepts include quantum mechanics principles such as superposition, entanglement, quantum operations, and quantum measurement, which are essential for quantum computing and communication [1][2]. - Quantum state evolution follows the Schrödinger equation, providing theoretical support for quantum computing and communication [1]. Typical Quantum Applications - Quantum communication includes quantum key distribution (QKD), quantum teleportation, and quantum secure direct communication (QSDC), ensuring secure information transfer [2][51]. - Quantum computing utilizes quantum superposition for parallel computation, currently in the Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum (NISQ) stage, with key algorithms like Shor's and Grover's [2][65]. - Quantum precision measurement aims to surpass the standard quantum limit, with applications in global quantum clock networks and long-baseline telescopes [2]. Quantum Internet Architecture and Key Technologies - The architecture of quantum internet is still developing, with various stages proposed by researchers, including trusted relay and entanglement distribution [4]. - Quantum relay technology is categorized into four generations, addressing long-distance quantum signal attenuation [5][6]. Quantum Internet Protocol Stack - Different research teams propose varied protocol stacks, adapting classic internet architecture to quantum needs, with layers for physical, link, network, and application [7]. Initial Quantum Internet Operation Mode Design - A centralized control scheme is proposed for initial quantum devices, focusing on network layout and node types to manage limited resources effectively [9][10]. Quantum Application Protocol Examples - The BBM92 protocol for quantum key distribution involves a process of path selection, entanglement channel construction, and security checks to generate a secure key [12][13]. - Distributed quantum computing connects multiple quantum processors through entangled channels, overcoming limitations of single-chip systems [14]. Quantum Computing and Networking Synergy - The trend towards quantum cloud computing and integration with supercomputing highlights the need for resource modeling and scheduling frameworks to optimize quantum and classical resource allocation [15][16]. - The necessity for collaboration arises from high fidelity requirements and short coherence times in quantum applications, demanding precise communication timing [16]. Summary and Outlook - The current stage of quantum internet development faces challenges in practical quantum relay and data exchange technologies, with potential cost reductions through the reuse of classical internet infrastructure [18]. - Future directions include breakthroughs in quantum relay and error correction, as well as the development of a resource modeling and scheduling system to support large-scale quantum applications [19].

Core Insights - The article discusses the challenges and advancements in the commercialization of high-end atomic clocks in China, highlighting the dependency on imports and the efforts of a domestic company, Kess Technology, to overcome these barriers [3][6][12]. Company Overview - Kess Technology was founded in 2020 by Qu Qiuzhi, who has extensive experience in developing cold atomic clocks for major national projects [4][9]. - The company has established the first commercial production line for cold atomic clocks and beam chip atomic clocks, surpassing imported competitors by two orders of magnitude in performance [6][12]. Industry Challenges - The atomic clock industry in China faces significant challenges, including reliance on imported components, engineering difficulties, and high production costs [3][11]. - The article emphasizes the "valley of death" in industrialization, where advanced technology fails to transition into mass production due to various constraints [11][12]. Technological Innovations - Kess Technology has developed a novel laser cooling technology that enhances the environmental adaptability of atomic clocks, allowing for mass production and reducing costs [12][13]. - The first generation of commercial cold atomic clocks achieves a precision of 6E-15, significantly better than imported cesium and hydrogen atomic clocks [13][14]. Market Potential - The demand for atomic clocks spans over 160 industries, with applications in 5G/6G communications, AI computing, and deep-sea exploration, indicating a growing market opportunity [10][14]. - Kess Technology aims to position atomic clocks as essential infrastructure rather than luxury items, facilitating broader commercial applications [14][15]. Future Plans - The company plans to scale production to 100 units of commercial cold atomic clocks and 50,000 units of beam chip clocks by 2026, with further miniaturization and cost reduction efforts in the pipeline [16][17]. - Kess Technology envisions expanding its technology to other quantum precision measurement fields, establishing a flexible manufacturing platform for future innovations [15][17].

Core Viewpoint - The report highlights the significant growth in revenue and the strategic positioning of the company in the quantum technology sector, particularly in quantum communication, quantum computing, and quantum precision measurement [3][10][12]. Company Overview and Financial Indicators - The company, Keda Guodun Quantum Technology Co., Ltd., reported a revenue of 121.37 million yuan for the first half of 2025, representing a 74.54% increase compared to the same period last year [3][10]. - The net profit attributable to shareholders was -23.79 million yuan, an improvement from -35.34 million yuan in the previous year [3][10]. - The company's total assets reached 3.58 billion yuan, with a slight increase of 0.18% from the previous year [3][10]. Business Operations and Industry Context - The company is a pioneer in the commercialization of quantum information technology, focusing on quantum communication, quantum computing, and quantum precision measurement [4][10]. - The quantum communication products include core devices for secure communication networks, while quantum computing products consist of superconducting quantum computers and related components [4][10]. - The industry is experiencing a shift towards practical applications, with significant investments and strategic plans from various countries to advance quantum technology [5][6][10]. Revenue Growth and Business Segments - Revenue growth was driven by substantial increases in quantum computing (283.92% increase) and quantum communication (28.10% increase) segments [3][10]. - The company has established itself as one of the few globally capable of large-scale deployment in quantum secure communication networks [4][10]. Strategic Developments - The company completed a targeted issuance to China Telecom's subsidiary, becoming a state-owned enterprise, which enhances its market position [10][12]. - The company is actively involved in the "Zuchongzhi series" superconducting quantum computer research, contributing to advancements in quantum computing capabilities [10][11]. Research and Development - The company maintains a high R&D investment ratio of 45.46% of its revenue, focusing on innovation in quantum technologies [3][10]. - The company has achieved significant milestones in developing quantum key distribution (QKD) technologies and quantum precision measurement devices [12][14]. Intellectual Property and Standards - The company has surpassed 1,000 intellectual property rights, including 632 authorized patents, reinforcing its leadership in quantum communication technology [15][16]. - The company is involved in the formulation of national standards for quantum technologies, promoting the engineering and industrialization of quantum science [15][16].

Core Insights - Breakthroughs in quantum precision measurement have been achieved in China, specifically with a new atomic spin sensor developed by Beihang University, which demonstrates ultra-high sensitivity and traceable precision in measuring weak magnetic fields [1] Group 1: Technological Advancements - The atomic spin sensor can accurately measure magnetic signals that are one billion times weaker than the Earth's magnetic field, showcasing its high sensitivity [1] - The measurement results can be traced back to atomic physical constants, ensuring accuracy and reliability in the measurements [1] Group 2: Applications and Implications - This technology supports various fields, including fundamental scientific research, high-end equipment manufacturing, and cosmic exploration, providing essential metrology support [1] - The sensor has been utilized in exploring dark matter candidate particles, which constitute approximately 85% of the total matter in the universe, aiding in the understanding of this mysterious component [1] Group 3: Government Support and Future Directions - The State Administration for Market Regulation will continue to enhance support for cutting-edge metrology technologies like quantum precision measurement, facilitating the transformation of research achievements into metrology standards and industrial applications [1] - This initiative aims to build a modern advanced measurement system for the nation, supporting technological innovation and high-quality development [1]

Group 1 - The Mozi Quantum Science Foundation announced the winners of the 2025 "Mozi Quantum Prize," recognizing three scientists in the field of quantum simulation [1][2] - The awardees include Immanuel Bloch from the Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics and Munich University, Tilman Esslinger from ETH Zurich, and Markus Greiner from Harvard University [1] - Immanuel Bloch is known for his research in quantum optics, quantum information processing, and condensed matter physics, contributing to the emergence of a new interdisciplinary field—ultracold atom optical lattice quantum simulation [1] - Tilman Esslinger achieved the realization of the Fermi-Hubbard model in ultracold atom optical lattices, providing a highly controllable quantum simulation platform for studying strongly correlated many-body systems [1] - Markus Greiner, along with Bloch and Esslinger, was the first to realize the Bose-Hubbard model in ultracold atom optical lattices, validating key theoretical predictions of strongly correlated quantum many-body systems [1] Group 2 - The Mozi Quantum Science Foundation was established in 2018 and created the "Mozi Quantum Prize" to honor scientists who have made outstanding contributions in quantum communication, quantum computing and simulation, and quantum precision measurement [2]

Core Insights - A new spontaneous two-photon radiation scheme has been proposed by a team from Sun Yat-sen University, achieving a fidelity of 99.4% for a demand-triggered quantum entangled light source, published in Nature [1][2] Group 1: Research Breakthrough - The research introduces a novel cavity-induced spontaneous two-photon radiation scheme that matches the intensity of single-photon radiation, challenging the traditional understanding that two-photon radiation is inherently weaker than single-photon processes [2] - The team utilized a solid-state "artificial atom" structure at the nanoscale to enhance the probability of emitting two correlated photons simultaneously, a phenomenon known as spontaneous two-photon radiation [1][2] Group 2: Technological Advancements - Advances in semiconductor material growth and device processing technologies have provided critical support for the experimental realization of spontaneous two-photon radiation [2] - The design of ultra-high-quality optical microcavities has allowed for fine-tuning of the photon generation process, increasing the radiation efficiency of two photons from less than 0.1% to approximately 50% [2] Group 3: Implications for Quantum Technologies - The high fidelity of the entangled photon source indicates significant potential for enhancing the security of quantum communication, reliability of quantum computing, and precision of quantum metrology [2]

Group 1 - China's quantum communication sector is at the forefront internationally, with significant achievements such as the launch of the "Mozi" quantum satellite and the establishment of the "Beijing-Shanghai" fiber optic network [2] - The quantum communication market in China is currently valued at approximately 600 million yuan, with its strategic importance recognized globally due to increasing demands for national defense and information security [2] - Quantum communication is characterized by its high security and efficiency, making it a core branch of quantum information science [2] Group 2 - In the quantum computing field, China is positioned among the global leaders, with major tech companies like Alibaba, Tencent, Baidu, and Huawei investing in quantum laboratories and technologies [4] - The global investment in quantum information reached $38.6 billion in 2023, with China leading at $15 billion, surpassing the United States and Europe [6][7] - The quantum technology sector is in its early stages of industrialization, with a projected global market size of $130.08 billion by 2030 across quantum computing, communication, and measurement [7] Group 3 - China's advancements in quantum technology reflect a journey from theoretical breakthroughs to practical applications, showcasing a comprehensive innovation path [9]

Core Insights - The core viewpoint of the articles is the current state and future path of quantum technology, particularly focusing on quantum information technology, which is driving the second quantum revolution [1][2]. Group 1: Quantum Technology Overview - Quantum technology is defined as "quantum information technology," which includes quantum computing, quantum communication, and quantum precision measurement [1]. - Quantum communication has established wide-area networks and practical terminal products, while quantum precision measurement is showing application value in navigation and medical fields [1]. - Quantum computing is still in the experimental research phase, with the "Zuchongzhi No. 3" superconducting quantum computing prototype recently achieving the strongest "quantum computing superiority" published to date [1]. Group 2: Challenges in Industrialization - The industrialization of quantum computing may take another 10 to 15 years, primarily due to the lack of practical algorithms suitable for current quantum computers [2]. - Traditional sectors pose resistance to the adoption of quantum technology, as existing interests may hinder the integration of new technologies like quantum secure communication [2]. - There is a concern about unrealistic promotion of immature technologies by some companies, which can mislead the public and investors, damaging the credibility of quantum technology [2]. Group 3: Recommendations for Development - To promote the industrialization of quantum technology, continuous investment and support from both government and private sectors are essential [2]. - There is a need for a consensus across society to allow time and space for technology to grow, as well as the cultivation of interdisciplinary talents who understand quantum principles and can operate relevant equipment [2][3]. - The development of quantum technology relies on the manufacturing of essential equipment such as electron beam lithography machines, molecular beam epitaxy, and dilution refrigerators [3].

Investment Rating - The report maintains an investment rating of "Outperform the Market - A" [6] Core Insights - Quantum technology is expected to bring disruptive innovations in computing power, driving demand for quantum secure communication and post-quantum cryptography [12] - Major advancements in quantum computing have been made by leading companies, indicating a competitive landscape in the industry [13][14] - The establishment of dedicated quantum research centers by companies like NVIDIA signifies a strategic shift towards integrating quantum computing with AI [15][16] Summary by Sections 1. Industry Insights - Quantum computing is based on quantum mechanics, utilizing quantum bits for processing, which offers unparalleled information capacity and parallel processing capabilities [12] - The emergence of quantum secure communication and post-quantum cryptography is a response to the potential threats posed by quantum computing to traditional encryption methods [12] 2. Chip Developments - Microsoft launched the Majorana 1 quantum chip, while Amazon introduced the Ocelot chip, which significantly reduces error correction overhead [13] - D-Wave's Advantage2™ system marks a pivotal shift from laboratory to enterprise-level applications, featuring over 4,400 qubits [13] - IBM's roadmap includes the release of a large-scale fault-tolerant quantum computer by 2029, expected to outperform current systems by 20,000 times [13] 3. Algorithmic Advancements - D-Wave demonstrated quantum superiority by solving a magnetic material simulation problem in 20 minutes, a task that would take traditional supercomputers nearly 1 million years [14] - Google's research indicates that a million noisy qubits could crack RSA-2048 encryption in a week, significantly shortening the traditional security period [14] 4. Industry Participation - NVIDIA's establishment of the Accelerated Quantum Research Center aims to integrate quantum hardware with AI supercomputing [15] - The CEO of NVIDIA has shifted his stance on quantum computing, predicting significant advancements in the coming years [16] 5. Market Performance - The computer industry index decreased by 2.25%, underperforming compared to major indices [17] - The report highlights the need to monitor long-term trends in AI, robotics, and self-controllable industries [21]