Core Insights - The current influenza activity in China has been declining for four consecutive weeks but remains at a moderate epidemic level [1][2] - The positive detection rate of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is on the rise, particularly in northern provinces, where it is significantly higher than in southern provinces [3] Group 1: Influenza Activity - Influenza activity has decreased for four weeks, with the overall level still classified as moderate [2] - The top three pathogens detected in respiratory samples from sentinel hospitals are influenza virus (27.4%), respiratory syncytial virus (8.8%), and rhinovirus (5.7%) [2] - The majority (97.3%) of laboratory-confirmed influenza cases are attributed to the H3N2 strain [2] Group 2: Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) - The overall positive detection rate of RSV is increasing, with higher rates observed in the 0 to 4 age group [3] - RSV is a major pathogen causing acute respiratory infections, particularly severe in infants, children with special health conditions, and the elderly [3] - The peak of RSV activity in northern regions typically occurs in winter and spring, while some southern areas may see peaks during the rainy season [3] Group 3: Treatment Guidelines - Oseltamivir is effective only for treating influenza A and B and is not suitable for rhinovirus or RSV [4] - Antibiotics should only be used after a clear diagnosis, as the majority of respiratory infections in children are viral [6]

Core Viewpoint - The overall positive rate of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) testing in China is on the rise, with significantly higher rates in northern provinces compared to southern ones, particularly among children aged 0 to 4 years, while the overall RSV positive rate remains lower than that of influenza virus [1] Group 1: Virus Characteristics - Respiratory syncytial virus is one of the main pathogens causing acute respiratory infections, with susceptibility across all age groups [1] - The severity of the disease is often greater in infants, children with special health conditions, and the elderly, leading to conditions such as bronchiolitis and pneumonia [1] Group 2: Transmission and Seasonal Trends - RSV primarily spreads through respiratory droplets and close contact, and can also be transmitted indirectly via contaminated surfaces [1] - The peak transmission period for RSV in northern China is during the winter and spring, while some southern regions experience peaks during winter-spring or humid rainy seasons [1] Group 3: Prevention Measures - Currently, there is no vaccine available for respiratory syncytial virus, making enhanced protective measures crucial for preventing infection [1]

Core Viewpoint - The monitoring data indicates an upward trend in the positive rate of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in China, particularly higher in northern provinces compared to southern ones, with the highest rates observed in the 0 to 4 age group [1] Group 1: Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Monitoring - The overall positive rate of RSV is currently lower than that of influenza virus [1] - The positive rate of RSV is significantly higher in northern provinces than in southern provinces [1] - The age group of 0 to 4 years shows a notably higher positive rate for RSV [1] Group 2: Transmission and Prevention - RSV primarily spreads through respiratory droplets or close contact, and can also be transmitted via contaminated surfaces [1] - The peak transmission period for RSV in northern regions is mainly during winter and spring, while some southern regions experience peaks during winter-spring or humid rainy seasons [1] - There is currently no vaccine available for RSV, making enhanced protective measures crucial for preventing infection [1]

Core Insights - The peak of respiratory diseases in Henan province is expected to occur around the end of December, with flu activity still on the rise [2][3] - The dominant strain currently is the H3N2 subtype of the influenza virus, contrasting with last year's H1N1 dominance [3] - Vaccination remains the most effective method for preventing influenza, especially for vulnerable populations such as infants, the elderly, and those with chronic conditions [4][5] Summary by Sections Current Situation - Hospitals in Henan are experiencing a surge in pediatric and fever outpatient visits due to respiratory diseases [1] - The flu season in northern provinces typically runs from October to March, with the peak usually occurring in late December to early January [2] Virus Characteristics - The H3N2 strain is currently the most prevalent, with symptoms similar across different influenza subtypes [3] - Historical data suggests that the peak of flu positivity rates generally occurs in late December to early January [3] Preventive Measures - Vaccination is emphasized as the primary defense against influenza, significantly reducing the risk of severe complications [4] - Even if vaccination occurs after the flu season begins, it can still provide protection [5] - Additional preventive measures include maintaining personal hygiene, frequent handwashing, proper ventilation, and wearing masks in public [5] Health Risks and Symptoms - The current health landscape is complicated by the presence of multiple viruses, including respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and Coxsackie virus, leading to increased health risks [6] - Warning signs for severe flu complications include persistent high fever, lethargy, and difficulty breathing, necessitating immediate medical attention [6] - Hand-foot-and-mouth disease is also presenting new symptoms this year, requiring vigilance from parents [6]

Core Viewpoint - The article highlights the significant increase in respiratory infections among children during the autumn and winter seasons, with a particular focus on the rise of rhinovirus infections, which have become the leading pathogen in respiratory samples tested in hospitals, accounting for 17.5% of cases [1][2]. Group 1: Rhinovirus Overview - Rhinovirus, also known as Human Rhinovirus (HRV), is a small single-stranded RNA virus and a major cause of the common cold, particularly prevalent in children, accounting for 30% to 50% of acute upper respiratory infections [1][3]. - HRV can be transmitted through respiratory droplets and can survive on surfaces for several days, making it easily spreadable, especially among children under three years old [1][3]. - Symptoms of rhinovirus infection typically include nasal congestion, runny nose, sneezing, and sore throat, with most individuals recovering within 7 to 10 days without lasting effects [3][5]. Group 2: Health Risks Associated with Rhinovirus - For vulnerable populations such as infants, the elderly, and those with weakened immune systems, rhinovirus can lead to more severe health issues, including bronchitis and pneumonia [3][4]. - Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients may experience exacerbated symptoms due to rhinovirus infections [4]. - Complications may include sinusitis and otitis media, with children potentially experiencing more severe symptoms, including gastrointestinal issues like vomiting and diarrhea [5]. Group 3: Prevention and Response Strategies - Preventive measures against rhinovirus include maintaining good hygiene practices, such as frequent handwashing and using tissues or elbows to cover sneezes and coughs [6][7]. - Keeping indoor air well-ventilated and enhancing personal immunity through a balanced diet, regular exercise, and adequate sleep are recommended [7][8]. - In case of infection, individuals are advised to stay hydrated, rest, and use symptomatic treatments without resorting to antibiotics, as they are ineffective against viral infections [9].

Core Viewpoint - The article highlights a significant increase in respiratory infections among children during the autumn and winter seasons, with various pathogens circulating, particularly influenza and rhinovirus, leading to a rise in outpatient visits at children's hospitals [1][2]. Group 1: Respiratory Infection Trends - There has been a notable rise in the number of outpatient visits for respiratory infections in children's hospitals, with symptoms such as persistent cough, runny nose, and fever being common among affected children [1]. - According to the China CDC, influenza has become the leading pathogen in outpatient settings, with a positive detection rate of 17.5% for influenza-like cases [1]. - The infection rates for rhinovirus are also high, particularly among children aged 14 and below, while respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is showing an upward trend in northern provinces [1]. Group 2: Symptoms and Treatment - Common symptoms of respiratory viral infections include fever, cough, phlegm, sore throat, sneezing, and runny nose, but different viruses exhibit distinct characteristics [2]. - RSV primarily affects infants under 2 years old, presenting with symptoms like runny nose, low fever, and cough, while severe cases may lead to respiratory distress [2]. - Influenza typically presents with more severe systemic symptoms, whereas rhinovirus infections are generally milder, resembling common colds [2]. Group 3: Treatment Guidelines - There are significant differences in treatment approaches for various viral infections; both rhinovirus and RSV lack specific antiviral medications, and treatment focuses on supportive care [2]. - For confirmed influenza cases, prompt administration of antiviral medications can effectively alleviate symptoms, but these medications are not beneficial for other viral infections [2]. - The use of antibiotics is discouraged for any viral infections, as they do not provide any benefit [2]. Group 4: Influenza Virus Characteristics - Current circulating influenza strains are predominantly the H3N2 subtype, which accounts for over 98% of detected cases [3]. - The H3N2 subtype is a common seasonal flu strain, and vaccination is emphasized as the most effective and economical method to prevent severe illness from influenza [3]. - Available influenza vaccines are effective against the currently circulating H3N2 strain [3].

Core Insights - The flu activity in China has significantly increased, with most provinces entering the flu epidemic period, particularly in regions like South China, Southwest, Northeast, and Northwest where some provinces have reached moderate epidemic levels [1][3]. Group 1: Flu Activity Trends - Sichuan Province has officially entered the flu epidemic period, with a rapid increase in case numbers [2]. - The flu epidemic this year has emerged earlier and is expected to peak above the recent average levels in Hunan Province [2]. - During the 44th week of 2025, the percentage of flu-like cases reported in emergency departments was 4.7%, with flu virus detection rates at 17.5% [2][3]. Group 2: Respiratory Virus Monitoring - A total of 347 flu-like case outbreaks were reported nationwide in the 44th week of 2025, with southern provinces reporting 350 outbreaks, significantly higher than the 120 outbreaks in the same period of 2024 [3]. - The detection rates of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) are rising in northern provinces, while southern provinces show fluctuating declines [4]. - The positive detection rates for enteroviruses have decreased, while the rates for rhinoviruses remain stable, particularly among children aged 14 and under [4]. Group 3: Public Health Recommendations - Health monitoring in key institutions such as kindergartens, schools, and nursing homes is advised to promptly identify and manage outbreaks [6]. - The public is encouraged to take personal protective measures, including flu vaccinations for individuals aged six months and older without contraindications [6]. - Recommendations include wearing masks in crowded places and maintaining good hygiene practices to reduce the risk of infection [7].

Core Viewpoint - The article discusses the rising concern over respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infections among infants during the autumn and winter seasons, highlighting the importance of the monoclonal antibody Nirsevimab as a preventive measure against RSV [1][2]. Group 1: RSV Overview - RSV is a highly contagious respiratory virus that primarily affects children under the age of 2, especially those under 6 months old, with a high incidence of infection during the RSV season [1][3]. - Symptoms of RSV infection include runny nose, nasal congestion, cough, and fever, with severe cases potentially leading to bronchiolitis or pneumonia [1][2]. Group 2: Nirsevimab Details - Nirsevimab is currently the only approved preventive measure against RSV infection in China, providing protective effects for over 5 months [2][3]. - It is a long-acting monoclonal antibody that passively supplies antibodies to the body, helping to reduce the severity of symptoms rather than completely preventing infection [3][4]. Group 3: Target Population for Nirsevimab - The recommended recipients of Nirsevimab are newborns and infants entering their first RSV season, particularly those who are premature, have immune deficiencies, or congenital heart disease [3][4]. - Healthy infants who have already passed their first RSV season typically do not require the injection, as it may not be cost-effective for all children [3][4]. Group 4: Preventive Measures - Experts recommend physical barriers to prevent RSV, such as avoiding crowded places and reducing cross-infection, along with ensuring proper nutrition to enhance children's immune systems [4].