寒潮基本收尾，但寒意还在"发力"。1月22日杭州虽有阳光，但防风保暖稍一松懈，寒意就直往衣 缝里钻。 在一波暖潮的影响下，周五起气温将开启"腾飞"模式；但下周初弱冷空气又会来"串门"，届时将带 来弱降水和降温天气。总的来说，接下来的天气就是：先冷再暖后凉，冷暖交替反复。请大家务必根据 气温及时添减衣物。 "最近，门诊呼吸道疾病患者增加两成，慢阻肺、哮喘患者住院人数增加三成。"浙江中医药大学附 属第二医院（浙江省新华医院）呼吸与危重症医学科主任陈晔介绍，大部分患者是因流感病毒、合胞病 毒导致慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重。 市一医院急诊科副主任医师谢赟提醒，每年流感季，都有因不典型流感引发重症心肌炎的患 者。"生活中，并非所有流感都会出现高烧、肌肉酸痛等典型症状，像萌萌这样仅以低烧、乏力为表现 的不典型病例更容易被忽视，进而延误治疗。" 王维斯也提到，从以往接诊情况看，暴发性心肌炎患者的早期症状与感冒高度相似，但如果感冒后 出现胸闷、气短、心悸、极度乏力等症状，或是症状持续数日没有好转，甚至逐渐加重，一定要及时就 医，切勿自行用药硬扛。尤其是青少年、孕产妇、老年人及有基础疾病的人群，免疫力相对较弱，感染 后更易引发并 ...

Group 1: Core Differences Between Viruses - The two viruses, parainfluenza virus and influenza virus, belong to different virus families, with parainfluenza classified under the Paramyxoviridae family and influenza under the Orthomyxoviridae family [2][3] - Parainfluenza virus has four serotypes and exhibits less mutation capability compared to influenza virus, which has four types (A, B, C, D) and is known for its ability to mutate and create new strains [3] Group 2: Susceptible Populations and Symptoms - Parainfluenza virus primarily affects infants and children, causing acute respiratory infections, particularly lower respiratory tract infections, with symptoms like "barking" cough, hoarseness, stridor, and difficulty breathing [4] - Influenza virus can affect individuals of all ages, presenting with sudden high fever (39-40°C), chills, headaches, muscle aches, and fatigue, while respiratory symptoms are less pronounced [4] Group 3: Prevention and Treatment - There is no vaccine or specific antiviral treatment for parainfluenza virus; management relies on symptomatic support such as fever reduction and cough relief [5] - Influenza virus has an effective vaccine and antiviral medications like oseltamivir and baloxavir marboxil, which can shorten the duration of illness and alleviate symptoms when administered early [5] Group 4: Daily Protective Measures - Basic protective measures against both viruses include frequent handwashing, avoiding touching the face with unclean hands, wearing masks in crowded or poorly ventilated areas, ensuring good indoor ventilation, and maintaining a healthy lifestyle to boost immunity [6][7][8][9][10]

很多人对鼻病毒并不了解，它难道是呼吸道病原体家族的新成员？事实上，鼻病毒于1956年就被发现 了，因适宜在鼻腔环境生存而得名。多年来，它温和柔软，和人体能够"相处融洽"，所以常常被忽略。 来源：潮新闻 近日，中国疾病预防控制中心公布，门急诊流感样病例中鼻病毒检测阳性率有所上升，在南方个别省份 甚至超过呼吸道合胞病毒，仅次于流感病毒。这表明当前除流感病毒外，鼻病毒是导致呼吸道症状的主 要病原体之一。 近期，因为流感病毒有所消停，无论在成年人还是儿童中，鼻病毒渐渐刷起了存在感。 浙大儿院实拍 成人关注持续高热 儿童警惕喘息气急 "医生，我鼻塞流涕，肯定流感了，给我开点特效药吧。"年轻男子走进浙江大学医学院附属第四医院呼 吸与危重症医学科副主任（主持工作）李宁的诊室。 对于他的要求，李宁没有草率答应，根据症状做了初步判断，并要求做病原体检测。结果显示：男子得 的并非流感，而是鼻病毒。 虽说鼻病毒症状轻，但发生在儿童身上也不能掉以轻心。唐兰芳接诊过一名3岁过敏体质患儿，因鼻病 毒感染引发严重哮喘，出现气急、呼吸困难，最终需要吸氧治疗。她与团队研究发现，鼻病毒是诱发儿 童哮喘发作的"最大风险因素"，会导致气道黏液高分泌 ...

Core Viewpoint - The monitoring data indicates an upward trend in the positive rate of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in China, particularly higher in northern provinces compared to southern ones, with the highest rates observed in the 0 to 4 age group [1] Group 1: Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Monitoring - The overall positive rate of RSV is currently lower than that of influenza virus [1] - The positive rate of RSV is significantly higher in northern provinces than in southern provinces [1] - The age group of 0 to 4 years shows a notably higher positive rate for RSV [1] Group 2: Transmission and Prevention - RSV primarily spreads through respiratory droplets or close contact, and can also be transmitted via contaminated surfaces [1] - The peak transmission period for RSV in northern regions is mainly during winter and spring, while some southern regions experience peaks during winter-spring or humid rainy seasons [1] - There is currently no vaccine available for RSV, making enhanced protective measures crucial for preventing infection [1]

Core Viewpoint - A 4-year-old girl was diagnosed with congenital syphilis after being infected by her grandmother, who had untreated syphilis and fed her using her mouth, leading to indirect transmission through saliva [1][2]. Group 1: Transmission Methods - Syphilis can be transmitted through various means beyond sexual contact, including mother-to-child transmission during pregnancy or childbirth [3]. - Blood transmission can occur through contaminated blood transfusions or shared medical equipment [4]. - Indirect contact transmission can happen through shared utensils, mouth-to-mouth feeding, or kissing, especially if both parties have oral mucosal injuries [4]. Group 2: Saliva as a Transmission Pathway - Saliva is highlighted as a significant but often overlooked transmission route for various diseases, particularly in family or communal settings [5]. - Common risky behaviors include adults feeding children with their mouths, testing food temperatures, and kissing children on the mouth [6]. Group 3: Other Diseases Transmitted via Saliva - Helicobacter pylori, influenza viruses, herpes viruses, and bacteria causing cavities can also be transmitted through saliva [7][8]. - Close contact behaviors, such as kissing and sharing food, increase the risk of transmission for these pathogens [8]. Group 4: Prevention Recommendations - Personal items like toothbrushes and towels should not be shared, and children should have their own sanitized utensils [9]. - Unhygienic practices, such as mouth feeding and kissing on the mouth, should be avoided [10]. - Regular health check-ups and prompt treatment of infectious diseases are essential for family health [10].

Group 1 - The article discusses the distinction between influenza (flu) and the common cold, emphasizing that flu symptoms appear suddenly and are more severe, including high fever, body aches, and fatigue, while cold symptoms develop gradually and are milder [1][3] - It highlights the importance of vaccination for children over 6 months old without contraindications, especially in crowded environments like schools and kindergartens, where the risk of flu transmission is higher [2][4] Group 2 - The article advises that antiviral treatment should be initiated within 48 hours of symptom onset to effectively shorten the illness duration and reduce the risk of severe complications [5][7] - It emphasizes the need for proper medication adherence, recommending that parents complete the full course of antiviral medication, such as Oseltamivir, for at least five days [11] - Common misconceptions about flu treatment are addressed, including the ineffectiveness of antibiotics against viral infections and the dangers of alternating or increasing doses of antipyretics [12][13][14]

Core Insights - The World Health Organization (WHO) reported an increase in global influenza activity since October, with most detected viruses being of the influenza A type [1] - The proportion of the H3N2 subtype of influenza A virus has been rising in multiple countries and regions [1] - Genetic sequencing indicates a significant evolution of the H3N2 virus since August, although current epidemiological data does not show an increase in disease severity [1] Summary by Categories Influenza Activity - Global influenza activity has increased since October, with a notable rise in influenza A viruses detected [1] - Some countries in the Northern Hemisphere have reported an early onset of the flu season, while others are seeing increased activity that has not yet reached epidemic levels [1] Virus Evolution - The number of K sub-branch H3N2 viruses detected has increased since August, indicating significant evolution of the virus [1] - Despite genetic differences between the circulating strains and those covered by the flu vaccine, the vaccine is still expected to provide protection and prevent severe cases [1] Public Health Implications - The WHO emphasizes that vaccination remains one of the most effective public health measures, especially as respiratory infections from flu and other common viruses are expected to rise with the onset of winter in the Northern Hemisphere [1] - In the Southern Hemisphere, some countries have experienced an unusually prolonged flu season, with virus activity remaining above historical levels [1]

Group 1 - Influenza is an acute respiratory disease caused by the influenza virus, and understanding its transmission routes, symptoms, and prevention methods is crucial for public awareness and effective control measures [1] - After a child is diagnosed with influenza, parents should monitor for symptoms such as persistent high fever, difficulty in feeding, vomiting, diarrhea, lethargy, and signs of severe illness that require urgent medical attention [2][6] - Treatment for influenza includes antiviral medications, which should be administered within 48 hours of symptom onset, and symptomatic treatments such as antipyretics to alleviate fever and body aches [3] Group 2 - To prevent the spread of respiratory infections, it is recommended that institutions like schools and nursing homes implement health monitoring and manage outbreaks effectively [11] - Public health measures include wearing masks, receiving influenza vaccinations, maintaining good hygiene practices, and promoting a healthy lifestyle to enhance immunity and reduce the risk of pathogen transmission [11]

Core Insights - The current flu activity in China has reached a high epidemic level, primarily driven by the H3N2 subtype of the influenza virus, which accounts for over 95% of cases reported [2][3]. Group 1: Virus Characteristics - The predominant virus this year is the H3N2 subtype, with minor circulation of H1N1 and B influenza viruses [2]. - No new or unknown pathogens have been detected, indicating that the flu viruses in circulation are well-known [2]. Group 2: Treatment Options - The most widely used antiviral medications in China are Oseltamivir and Baloxavir Marboxil, with specific age-related usage guidelines [4]. - Oseltamivir is approved for individuals over one year old, while Baloxavir is approved for children aged five and older, with the latter requiring only a single dose for treatment [4]. Group 3: Symptoms and Diagnosis - Common flu symptoms include fever, nasal congestion, sore throat, and muscle aches, with variations in severity based on the patient's age and health status [5]. - For young children showing flu symptoms, it is recommended to seek medical evaluation rather than self-medicate at home due to the rapid progression of the disease [6]. Group 4: Monitoring and Prevention - Monitoring the surrounding environment for flu activity and observing symptoms in oneself and close contacts are crucial for early detection [7].

Group 1 - Rhinovirus is one of the most common viruses and is a major cause of the common cold, responsible for approximately 30% to 50% of adult colds and about 15% of children's colds, earning it the title of "king of cold viruses" [2] - The virus has a short incubation period of 1 to 3 days and can lead to symptoms such as nasal congestion and clear nasal discharge [3] - Rhinovirus infections are typically self-limiting in healthy adults, but can exacerbate existing conditions in vulnerable populations such as infants, the elderly, and those with chronic respiratory diseases [3] Group 2 - Rhinovirus primarily causes mild cold symptoms, with a normal or slightly elevated temperature, and most patients recover within a week without severe complications [4] - The virus spreads through respiratory droplets and contact with contaminated surfaces, making it easily transmissible in crowded places [5] - Treatment focuses on symptomatic relief and supportive care, as antibiotics are ineffective against viruses [6][7] Group 3 - Preventive measures against rhinovirus include frequent handwashing, avoiding face touching, and maintaining a balanced diet, adequate sleep, and regular exercise to support immune health [8][9] - The use of saline nasal sprays and traditional Chinese medicine may provide additional support, but basic hygiene practices are emphasized as the most important preventive strategies [8][9]