[Table_Info1] 证券研究报告 [Table_Title] 证券研究报告 / 债券研究报告 从定价机制到交易策略 报告摘要： 国债期货作为金融市场的重要衍生工具，不仅是现货市场的延伸，更在 利率风险管理、市场流动性提升和价格发现中发挥着关键作用。本篇报 告作为国债期货的研究框架，从国债期货的定义和功能出发，延伸到国 债期货定价和交易策略，最后落地到当下的交易机会。研究内容紧紧围 绕定价公式展开，详细地阐述了影响国债期货定价的重要因素以及基 差、净基差、IRR 等关键估值指标。在交易策略方面，本文从国债期货 功能出发，重点介绍了方向投资、期现套利、跨期价差交易、曲线交易 和套期保值策略的落地应用及现实约束。 风险提示：货币政策超预期收紧，海外地缘政治风险加剧等 [Table_Date] 发布时间：2025-11-10 国债期货价格走势图 [Table_Report] 相关报告 96.0 98.0 100.0 102.0 104.0 106.0 108.0 110.0 112.0 95.0 100.0 105.0 110.0 115.0 120.0 125.0 23/04 23/07 23/10 24/ ...

1. Report Industry Investment Rating No relevant content provided. 2. Core Views - The report is an introductory guide to treasury bond futures, providing a detailed introduction to the characteristics and related concepts of each treasury bond futures variety, and offering an analysis framework for investors to understand the relationship between the spot and futures markets, identify arbitrage opportunities, and manage interest rate risks [11]. 3. Summaries According to the Table of Contents 3.1 Treasury Bond Futures Basic Varieties - There are four treasury bond futures varieties listed on the China Financial Futures Exchange, with different contract specifications such as contract value, deliverable bonds, and margin requirements. The 2 - year treasury bond futures has a contract value of 2 million yuan, while the others have 1 million yuan. The shorter - term futures have lower minimum margin ratios and higher leverage [12]. - Each variety has four fixed contracts per year with delivery months in March, June, September, and December, but only the nearest three quarterly contracts are traded. The settlement price is the net price excluding accrued interest [12]. - In terms of trading volume and open interest, the 10 - year variety has the largest open interest, followed by the 5 - year and 30 - year varieties, and the 2 - year variety has the lowest. The 30 - year variety has a relatively high trading volume and a leading trading volume ratio [13][15]. 3.2 Treasury Bond Futures Basic Concepts - The basic concepts include the main contract, continuous contract, deliverable bonds, conversion factors, CTD (cheapest - to - deliver bond), treasury bond futures pricing, basis, net basis, and implied repo rate (IRR), which together reveal the arbitrage opportunities and the internal relationship between the spot and futures markets [20]. 3.3 Main Contract - The main contract is the one with the largest trading volume, open interest, and market influence in a certain variety, usually the current - quarter contract. As the current - quarter contract approaches the delivery month, its trading volume decreases, and the next - quarter contract takes over as the new main contract [21]. 3.4 Continuous Contract - The continuous contract is a virtual contract sequence created to connect the prices of individual treasury bond futures contracts with different maturity months, facilitating technical analysis, back - testing research, and long - term trend observation [22]. 3.5 Deliverable Bonds and Conversion Factors - To standardize and ensure the continuity of treasury bond futures, a virtual standard bond is used as the contract underlying, and the conversion factor is introduced to standardize different deliverable bonds. The invoice price in actual delivery is calculated based on the futures settlement price, conversion factor, and accrued interest [25]. 3.6 CTD (Cheapest - to - Deliver Bond) - The CTD is the bond with the lowest delivery cost among the deliverable bonds, which can be determined by calculating the delivery net cost. Its selection is affected by factors such as conversion factors, market interest rate fluctuations, and bond liquidity [33][35]. 3.7 Treasury Bond Futures Pricing - Treasury bond futures are priced based on the "no - arbitrage principle." The theoretical price is equal to the net cost of holding the CTD spot until delivery, considering factors such as the spot net price, financing cost, and interest income. The pricing also takes into account the seller's option value [41]. 3.8 Basis - The basis represents the difference between the spot price and the futures price of treasury bonds, reflecting the "holding cost" or "return" of holding spot treasury bonds and hedging through short - selling futures contracts. It is affected by factors such as interest income, financing cost, and short - seller option value [42][43]. 3.9 Net Basis - The net basis is the basis after deducting the holding - period net return, directly reflecting the short - seller option value of a certain type of futures and helping to identify "cheap" futures varieties [44][45]. 3.10 Implied Repo Rate (IRR) - The IRR is the theoretical annualized return rate of the basis trading strategy of "buying spot bonds and selling futures." When the IRR is higher than the actual financing cost, there is a positive arbitrage opportunity; otherwise, there may be a reverse arbitrage space. The CTD bond usually has the highest IRR [48].

1. Report Industry Investment Rating No relevant content provided. 2. Core View The report is an introductory guide to treasury bond futures, detailing the characteristics and concepts of various treasury bond futures products, which offer efficient and flexible interest rate risk hedging tools for financial market participants, deepening China's bond market and promoting the process of interest rate liberalization [11]. 3. Summary by Directory 3.1 Treasury Bond Futures Basic Varieties - There are 4 treasury bond futures products listed on the China Financial Futures Exchange, covering different maturities. Each product has 4 fixed contracts per year with delivery months in March, June, September, and December, but only the nearest three quarterly contracts are traded [12]. - The contract underlying the 2 - year treasury bond futures has a face value of 2 million yuan, while the others have a face value of 1 million yuan, all with a nominal coupon rate of 3%. Shorter - term futures have lower minimum margin ratios, with the 2 - year futures at 0.5% (200 - fold leverage) and the 30 - year at 3.5% (28 - fold leverage) [12]. - In terms of open interest, the 10 - year futures has the largest scale (280,000 lots), followed by the 5 - year and 30 - year (180,000 lots), and the 2 - year has the lowest (80,000 lots). In 2025, the average daily trading volumes of the 2 - year, 5 - year, 10 - year, and 30 - year futures were 40,000, 70,000, 90,000, and 120,000 lots respectively, with the long - term varieties having relatively higher trading volumes and the 30 - year having a leading trading proportion [13][15]. 3.2 Treasury Bond Futures Basic Concepts - The concepts include the main contract, continuous contract, deliverable bonds, conversion factors, CTD (cheapest - to - deliver bond), treasury bond futures pricing, basis, net basis, and implied repo rate (IRR), which together reveal arbitrage opportunities and market relationships [20]. 3.3 Main Contract - The main contract is the one with the largest trading volume, open interest, and market influence in a particular variety, reflecting market expectations and supply - demand relationships for interest rates. It is usually the current - quarter contract due to high hedging and arbitrage demand and optimal liquidity. When the current - quarter contract approaches the delivery month, the next - quarter contract takes over as the main contract [21]. 3.4 Continuous Contract - The continuous contract is a virtual contract sequence created to connect the prices of individual treasury bond futures contracts with different maturities, facilitating technical analysis, back - testing, and long - term trend observation. Wind uses the "post - adjustment method" to eliminate price gaps during contract switching [22]. 3.5 Deliverable Bonds and Conversion Factors - To ensure standardization and continuity of treasury bond futures, the contract underlying is a virtual standard bond. The conversion factor is used to standardize different deliverable bonds, calculated as the present value of a deliverable bond's future cash flows discounted at the coupon rate of the virtual standard bond and divided by the face value. The invoice price in actual delivery is calculated as the futures settlement price × conversion factor × face value+accrued interest [25]. 3.6 CTD (Cheapest - to - Deliver Bond) - CTD is the bond with the lowest delivery cost among the basket of deliverable bonds, determined by calculating the delivery net cost (bond market price - (futures settlement price × conversion factor)). Its influencing factors include conversion factors, market interest rate fluctuations, and bond liquidity. Empirically, when the market yield > 3%, low - coupon, long - duration bonds are more likely to be CTD; when < 3%, high - coupon, short - duration bonds are more likely [33][35][36]. 3.7 Treasury Bond Futures Pricing - Pricing is based on the "no - arbitrage principle." In an efficient and frictionless market, the futures settlement price = spot bond net price+interest income - financing cost - coupon income. Considering the seller's option value in the delivery rules, the actual formula is futures settlement price+option value = spot bond net price+interest income - financing cost - coupon income [39][41]. 3.8 Basis - The basis in treasury bond futures represents the "holding cost" or "return" of holding a spot treasury bond and hedging through short - selling futures contracts. It is calculated as the net price of the deliverable bond - (futures settlement price × conversion factor of the deliverable bond), and is affected by interest income, financing cost, and short - seller option value [42][43]. 3.9 Net Basis - The net basis is the basis minus the net return during the holding period, directly reflecting the short - seller option value of a particular futures variety, with the CTD having the highest net basis [44][45]. 3.10 Implied Repo Rate (IRR) - IRR measures the theoretical annualized return of a basis trade ("buy spot, sell futures") held until delivery. When IRR > market risk - free rate, there is an arbitrage opportunity; when <, there may be a reverse arbitrage opportunity, but it is not risk - free. The CTD has the highest IRR [48].

Core Insights - The introduction of a value-added tax on certain bonds is expected to impact the pricing of government bond futures, leading to an anticipated widening of the yield spread between new and old bonds [2][12][22] - Investors are advised to focus on the potential widening of the price spread between near-month and far-month contracts, particularly for T and TS varieties [1][26] Group 1: Impact of Tax Reinstatement - The reinstatement of the value-added tax on newly issued government bonds is likely to affect the pricing of deliverable bonds in the futures market, resulting in an expected widening of the yield spread between new and old bonds [2][12] - The after-tax yield reduction for various maturities is estimated to be in the range of 4.5 to 12 basis points [12][23] Group 2: New Bonds Eligible for Futures Delivery - New bonds that may be included in the delivery scope of government bond futures contracts are identified based on their issuance dates and remaining maturities [3][20] - Key upcoming issuances include a 30-year bond on August 22, a 10-year bond on August 22, and a 7-year bond on September 12, among others [16][18] Group 3: Price Impact on Futures Contracts - The pricing of government bond futures contracts will be influenced by whether new bonds become the cheapest-to-deliver (CTD) bonds, with expectations that new bonds will face price pressure due to increased CTD switching [4][22] - The probability of new bonds becoming CTD for T2603 and TS2603 contracts is higher, while near-month contracts are expected to be supported by older bonds [4][26]