Group 1 - The core idea of the article is that the evolution of monetary theory from simple observations to systematic analysis has significantly contributed to understanding the complex relationship between money and the economy [1][2]. Group 2 - In ancient Greece, philosopher Xenophon noted that an excess of gold would lead to its devaluation, while silver prices would rise, marking one of the earliest records of the quantity theory of money [3]. - The 16th century saw a "price revolution" across Europe, where scholars like Copernicus observed the destructive impact of currency devaluation on national economies, linking it to the oversupply of money [5]. - Salamanca University scholar Azpilicueta proposed a systematic view that linked the quantity of money to price levels, suggesting that countries with abundant money experience higher prices, thus influencing economic activities [7].

Core Viewpoint - The global economy is currently facing multiple challenges, including slowing growth, financial market instability, and limitations of traditional economic policies. The role of money in the economy is being re-evaluated, emphasizing its importance as a tool for national economic policy [1]. Group 1: Books Overview - "The Nature of Money: New Theories of Prosperity, Crisis, and Capital" explores the critical role of money in economic prosperity and crises, constructing a comprehensive theoretical framework that reveals the complex relationship between money, economic growth, and financial stability [4][5]. - "Long-Term Crisis: Reshaping the Global Economy" argues for global solutions to global problems, emphasizing the need for enhanced and inclusive technological progress, new macroeconomic theories, and reforms in the global governance system to create a fairer international order [8][9]. - "The Mother of Money and the Anchor of Risk: Decoding the New Logic of Modern Fiscal-Financial Relations" highlights the importance of the coordination between fiscal and monetary policies, asserting that understanding their intrinsic connection is essential for sustainable development [13][14]. Group 2: Key Insights from Books - Sufficient money supply is crucial for a country to respond to financial crises and ensure national security, as demonstrated by the U.S. during various crises, where increased money supply significantly bolstered economic strength [6]. - The understanding of fiscal sustainability has evolved, recognizing the long-term rationality of government debt, especially in low-interest-rate environments, where the focus shifts from repayment to interest payments [14][15]. - Modern monetary theory posits that fiscal sustainability primarily considers real economic resource constraints, with inflation being a direct limiting factor, thus redefining the functions of fiscal deficits and debt beyond traditional fiscal attributes [15][16].