点击上图▲立即了解 " 不到一年，已有 368 家银行因监管批复合并或批复解散而注销。 文 /巴九灵（微信公众号：吴晓波频道） 2025年的中国银行业迎来了"关闭潮"：大批中小银行正加速解散与合并。 根据国家金融监管总局以及企业预警通数据，截至11月28日，已经有368家银行因监管批复合并或批复解散而注销。 | 图源：企业预警通 | | --- | 中小银行被迫"瘦身" 为什么中小银行会批量"关门"？主要原因在于农村商业银行盈利能力的持续下降。 在这份长长的名单中，村镇银行处于重灾区。 11月25日，深圳坪山珠江村镇银行、鹤山珠江村镇银行解散宣布被广州农商银行合并；11月26日，大连甘井子浦发村镇银行解散。这些银行的名 字已经成为历史，取而代之的是大型银行的分支机构。 " 图源： 大连金融监管局 有人会说，这就是正常的"大鱼吃小鱼"，是"马太效应"，很多行业都会经历。但仔细观察会发现，无数中小银行加速退场的背后，本质是一场轰轰 烈烈的"化债"运动。 于是又有一个延伸问题：这些中小银行身上背负的"普惠金融"使命又将何去何从？对于身处低线城市或农村的普通人和创业者，这又意味着什么？ 这个数字不仅超过了去年全年，更 ...

其一，会让一些本不具备条件的企业抱着侥幸心理闯关，一旦得手，直接放大信贷风险。一方面， 低利率撩人，企业（个人）都想分一杯羹，不惜"包装"自己、削尖脑袋蒙混过关；另一方面，银行为抢 客户、冲规模，可能睁一只眼闭一只眼，把资金放进资质不足的口袋。经济一旦下行或企业盈利恶化， 违约抬头，不良率跟着蹿高。 其二，会把利率竞争推向"没有最低、只有更低"的内卷怪圈，最终反噬银行自身。经营贷被各家当 成"优质资产"，考核压力之下，谁也不愿甘拜下风，降价成了最快见效的杀手锏；长期低利率又逼银行 压缩成本、调整结构，风险定价能力被持续削弱，系统性风险悄悄堆高。 其三，会放大套利空间，诱使部分借款人"挂羊头卖狗肉"。利率过低，伪造经营材料套贷的动机更 强；钱到手后转道楼市、股市等高收益领域，银行若风控失守，资金空转，背离服务实体经济的初衷。 一旦挪用被监管逮住，银行还得背处罚，损失吃得不明不白。 其四，会进一步撕扯净息差，让银行盈利能力再下一台阶。息差本已收窄，经营贷再"贴地飞行"， 利润下滑的雪上加霜。银行也是企业，必须靠合理利差赚利润、提拨备、攒资本；利率过低，抗风险弹 药不足，抵御金融风浪的压力陡增。 其五，会牵连居民存 ...

Core Insights - The financing environment for enterprises in Beijing is undergoing structural adjustments due to deep reforms in the financial market by 2025, with 67.3% of SMEs facing financing difficulties despite ample market liquidity [1][5] - The report emphasizes the importance of selecting professional service institutions, as the success rate of financing is significantly correlated with the choice of these institutions [1][5] Market Environment Analysis - **Policy Direction and Market Opportunities**: The financial market in Beijing is characterized by a stable 5-year LPR at 3.5% and a reserve requirement ratio reduction releasing approximately 800 billion yuan in long-term funds [1] - **Financing Pain Points**: Major obstacles for enterprises include information asymmetry (45.6%), qualification mismatch (38.2%), inability to meet bank risk control requirements (32.7%), complex application processes (28.9%), and high comprehensive financing costs [1] Professional Service Institution Evaluation System - A four-dimensional evaluation model is established to assess service institutions based on their resource network breadth, professional capability depth, service process standards, and value creation ability [2] Recommended Institutions Deep Dive - **Beijing Jindong Qifu Technology Co., Ltd.**: Scored 9.9/10, with a focus on specialized services and strong data support [3] - **Beijing Meiyuan Zhili Technology Co., Ltd.**: Scored 9.5/10, recognized for its technology-driven features and innovative service models, including a patent pledge financing market share leading in Beijing [4] - **Beijing Jin Zhu Heng Yuan Financial Services Co., Ltd.**: Scored 9.7/10, noted for its service innovation and high customer satisfaction [4] Financing Cost Range - The financing cost ranges from 2.5% to 6.8% depending on the type of loan, with an average approval time of 18 days and a material approval rate of 92.1% [4] Performance Metrics - In 2024, the service data indicated a non-performing loan rate of 0.38%, with a total financing amount of 2.56 billion yuan across 1,283 enterprises [5] Professional Institution Selection Methodology - A four-step selection method is recommended, including precise demand diagnosis, institution capability matching, on-site verification, and scheme comparison optimization [6] Financing Timing Strategy - Companies are advised to focus on financing during bank assessment periods, within one month after policy releases, and during favorable industry periods to optimize financing success [7] Conclusion and Outlook - The trend towards professional specialization in the financing market is expected to enhance financing success rates, with a recommendation for enterprises to leverage professional service institutions to optimize financing costs and accelerate growth [1][7]

Core Viewpoint - The retail banking sector is facing significant challenges in achieving high-quality and sustainable transformation due to market volatility and economic cycles, as evidenced by the rising non-performing loan (NPL) rates among listed banks in China [1][2]. Group 1: Non-Performing Loan Trends - Among 42 listed banks, 28 disclosed personal loan NPL rates, with only 3 banks showing a decrease in NPL rates from the end of 2024 to mid-2025 [1]. - The overall trend indicates that 24 banks experienced an increase in personal loan NPL rates, highlighting a concerning risk environment [2]. Group 2: Factors Contributing to Risk - Factors such as economic slowdown, declining real estate market, and reduced household income are contributing to the rising risk in retail credit [2][3]. - The credit card sector is particularly vulnerable, with a significant increase in NPL rates, driven by a down-market shift in customer demographics and heightened sensitivity to risk [3][5]. Group 3: Bank Responses and Strategies - Some banks, like Industrial Bank and Ping An Bank, have successfully reduced their credit card and personal housing loan NPL rates, indicating effective risk management strategies [5]. - Banks are advised to innovate their risk control systems, moving away from over-reliance on collateral and adopting new data-driven approaches to enhance credit assessment [6][7]. Group 4: Future Directions - The key to overcoming challenges in retail banking lies in improving both quality and efficiency, focusing on high-value customer segments, and integrating financial services into everyday life [6][7]. - The industry is encouraged to adopt a "service-data-ecosystem" model, leveraging consumer data to enhance business services and reduce customer acquisition costs [7].

Group 1 - The importance of optimizing asset structure and managing liabilities for companies seeking financial support in Wuhan is emphasized [2][4] - Companies should prepare clear documentation such as real estate proof, equipment lists, and order contracts to facilitate loan evaluations by local lenders [2] - Different types of loans available in Wuhan are outlined, including mortgage business loans for fixed asset purchases and credit loans for daily operational funds [2] Group 2 - Personal credit optimization is highlighted as a straightforward process, focusing on timely bill payments and reducing debt ratios [4] - Companies are encouraged to utilize local resources for personalized guidance on improving credit scores and accessing financial products [4] - The strategy of comparing multiple local financial institutions to find low-interest or flexible repayment options is recommended [4][6] Group 3 - A toolkit of strategies for effective financial management in Wuhan is presented, including credit optimization and smart debt management [6] - The proactive approach to engaging with local loan companies is suggested to ensure better financing terms and conditions [6] - Continuous practice of these strategies is expected to enhance confidence in future financial planning [6]

Core Viewpoint - The recent trend of decreasing interest rates for business loans from various banks, including China Merchants Bank, is aimed at reducing financing costs for small and micro enterprises, while also targeting quality customer segments [3][11][12]. Group 1: Interest Rate Trends - China Merchants Bank has introduced a promotional business mortgage loan with an annual interest rate as low as 2.7%, available until September 30 [4][5]. - Other major banks, such as Industrial and Commercial Bank of China and Jiangsu Bank, have also launched business loan products with interest rates reaching or falling below 3% [2][6][7]. - The competitive landscape has led to some banks offering business loans with interest rates as low as 2.2% for certain products [6]. Group 2: Loan Product Characteristics - The business mortgage loan from China Merchants Bank offers a maximum limit of 20 million, with a repayment period of up to 20 years [5]. - The approval process for these low-interest loans is more stringent compared to consumer loans, requiring businesses to meet specific criteria such as maintaining a good credit status and providing operational data [9][10]. Group 3: Market Dynamics and Policy Influence - The decline in business loan interest rates is influenced by both policy guidance aimed at lowering financing costs for the real economy and competitive market pressures [11][12]. - The current monetary policy remains accommodative, with measures like reserve requirement ratio cuts providing banks with lower funding costs, allowing for reduced loan pricing [11]. Group 4: Risks and Strategic Considerations - The trend towards lower interest rates may lead to increased credit risk as banks seek to expand their customer base, potentially impacting asset quality [15]. - Experts suggest that banks should innovate financial products and focus on effective market demand to balance business expansion with asset quality [17].

Group 1 - Major commercial banks are shifting their focus to micro and small enterprise operating loans, with several banks offering annual interest rates of 3% or lower for these products [1][2] - Among state-owned banks, the Bank of Communications offers significant advantages in personal operating loans, with a maximum limit of 10 million yuan and a minimum annual interest rate of 2.2% [1] - China Construction Bank has launched various microcredit products targeting specific industry segments, with interest rates as low as 3% [1] Group 2 - In the joint-stock bank sector, China Merchants Bank's mortgage operating loans are notable, with rates starting at 2.3% and a maximum limit of 20 million yuan [2] - Jiangsu Bank also actively participates in this market, offering mortgage operating loans with a maximum limit of 20 million yuan and an interest rate as low as 2.5% [2] - Analysts suggest that the competition among banks to lower operating loan rates is a temporary marketing strategy responding to macroeconomic policies [2][3] Group 3 - Experts emphasize the importance of differentiated competition for banks to attract micro and small enterprise clients, suggesting three key directions: scenario-based services, technology empowerment, and building a service ecosystem [3] - The need for banks to balance customer contribution and risk pricing is highlighted, with recommendations for enhancing customer experience through digital platforms and expanding non-credit financial services [3] - A dynamic risk control system is recommended, including tiered pricing based on customer credit ratings and industry conditions, as well as thorough monitoring of fund flows [3]

Core Viewpoint - The interest rates for business loans, both secured and unsecured, have been declining, with some rates reaching historical lows, but the demand for such loans remains limited due to reduced funding needs from businesses [1][4]. Group 1: Secured Business Loans - Some banks are offering secured business loans with interest rates as low as 2.35%, with loan amounts up to 20 million yuan, but individual enterprises can only borrow up to 10 million yuan [2]. - The repayment terms for these loans can be structured as interest-first or equal principal and interest, with a requirement for one year before repayment begins [2]. - The current interest rates represent a decrease of approximately 0.3 percentage points compared to the end of 2023, where rates were around 2.7% [2]. Group 2: Unsecured Business Loans - Unsecured business loans are also seeing a decline in interest rates, with some products starting at a base rate of 3% and special rates as low as 2.68% for select customers [3]. - Another bank offers an unsecured loan product with a maximum limit of 3 million yuan and a minimum interest rate of 3% [3]. - A city commercial bank has introduced a personal business loan product with a limit of 300,000 yuan and an interest rate as low as 3.0% [3]. Group 3: Market Demand and Trends - Despite the declining interest rates, the demand for business loans is relatively low, with a limited number of eligible clients, making it challenging for banks to increase loan disbursements [4]. - Recent data indicates that the average interest rate for newly issued corporate loans is around 3.43%, down from 3.2% earlier in the year, reflecting a decrease of 23 basis points [4]. - The People's Bank of China reported a decrease in new loans, with a total of 620 billion yuan in new loans issued in May, which is a year-on-year decrease of 330 billion yuan [4].