Investment Rating - The report does not explicitly provide an investment rating for the education sector in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) Core Insights - Strengthening the learning environment in Early Childhood Education (ECE) is essential for enhancing children's learning experiences, characterized by dynamic opportunities for interaction, collaboration, and exploration [1][8] - Quality early learning environments are crucial for children's physical, cognitive, and social-emotional development, with evidence showing that sufficient quality leads to effective learning outcomes [7][8] - The report emphasizes the need for comprehensive needs assessments to identify quality gaps in ECE settings and inform targeted enhancements [2][4] Summary by Sections Principles of Quality Early Childhood Education Environments - Five foundational principles for quality ECE environments include overall safety, pedagogical organization, spatial flexibility, empowerment and authorship, and child-centered design [11][12] Importance of Quality Early Learning Environments - Quality ECE environments motivate teaching and learning opportunities, stimulating playful learning and supporting interactions among children and educators [8][9] Main Elements of Quality in ECE Settings - Structural quality encompasses physical environments, adult-to-child ratios, and workforce qualifications, while process quality relates to learning experiences, activities, and interactions [16][17] - Recommended adult-to-child ratios are 1:9 for children under three years and 1:10-1:15 for children above three years [19] Supporting Structural and Process Quality - Physical spaces should facilitate quality principles, ensuring safety and accessibility for all children, including those with disabilities [22][24] - Teaching materials should be multipurpose, developmentally appropriate, and culturally relevant, with an emphasis on hands-on experiences [42][45] Daily Routine and Learning Activities - A well-structured daily routine provides learning opportunities, with activities designed to engage children and promote social interaction [51][52] - Learning corners allow children to choose activities, fostering independence and decision-making [62] Key Considerations for Policymakers - Policymakers should conduct assessments of current learning environments, develop multi-year plans, establish minimum quality standards, prioritize educator training, and engage parents and communities in enhancing ECE settings [79][84][89][90][96]

Core Insights - The report highlights the challenges in accurately measuring intimate partner violence (IPV) due to concerns over anonymity and privacy, particularly in rural areas with high illiteracy rates [3][8][33] - The study demonstrates that using audio computer-assisted self-interviewing (ACASI) significantly increases the disclosure of IPV, with reported rates rising by 41% to 57% when sensitive questions are asked privately first [11][34] Summary by Sections Introduction - Accurate data collection on IPV is difficult due to fear, shame, and stigma associated with reporting, especially in face-to-face interviews where anonymity is lacking [8][33] - Self-administered surveys are impractical in populations with high illiteracy, and privacy concerns are heightened in low-income or rural settings [8][33] Methodology - The research involved modifying existing measurement tools to better fit the context of rural poverty and conducting two experiments: one to assess understanding and another to compare the effects of ACASI versus face-to-face interviews on IPV reporting [9][10][33] - The study was conducted with over 6,000 currently married women from rural poor households in Punjab, Pakistan, with a high illiteracy rate of 93% among participants [13][33] Key Findings - Despite high illiteracy, respondents demonstrated a good understanding of the ACASI method, and the order of response options did not affect reporting outcomes [10][33] - Initial private responses to sensitive questions led to significantly higher subsequent disclosures of IPV in face-to-face interviews, indicating that private questioning can enhance openness and consistency in reporting [11][34] Conclusion - The findings suggest that introducing sensitive topics in a private manner can effectively improve the accuracy of IPV data collection, with the study showing a notable increase in reported IPV incidents when using ACASI first [34][33]

Group 1 - The report emphasizes the need to transform cities into engines of economic growth and inclusivity, highlighting that urbanization is not inherently a driver of inclusive growth [10][25][26] - South Africa faces significant urban mobility challenges, with limited connectivity and high transportation costs disproportionately affecting low-income workers [16][20][21] - The report outlines a framework of ten actions and 24 short-term recommendations aimed at addressing urban transport and development issues, with a focus on immediate relief and long-term reform [18][19][36] Group 2 - Priority actions include improving passenger rail performance, enhancing the efficiency and affordability of minibus taxis, and redirecting urban planning policies towards higher density development [42][43][44] - The report identifies the need for public-private partnerships to enhance the performance of the passenger rail system and integrate minibus taxis into the urban transport network [43][45][56] - It highlights the importance of adjusting zoning and land use regulations to encourage development closer to commercial areas and to promote financial support for strategic projects [12][19][66] Group 3 - The report notes that high transportation costs significantly impact low-income workers, with commuting expenses consuming a large portion of their income [20][27][34] - It discusses the historical context of urban mobility issues in South Africa, linking them to the legacy of apartheid and inadequate investment in public transport systems [17][22][23] - The report stresses the necessity of substantial investment in transport infrastructure and urban development to create more compact and accessible cities [35][64]

Overview - The report highlights the importance of inclusive access in the built environment, emphasizing that accessibility is not only a compliance obligation but also a social mission [30][31][32] - It notes that by 2070, nearly 60% of the global population will reside in urban areas, necessitating accessible environments to accommodate diverse needs [30][31] - The report identifies the need for a comprehensive regulatory framework that includes universal accessibility provisions alongside structural resilience, fire safety, and sustainability [45][46] Introduction - The introduction discusses the evolution of accessibility standards in response to the needs of individuals with varying abilities, particularly following significant social movements post-World Wars [38][42] - It outlines the challenges faced by diverse populations, including the elderly, children, and individuals with disabilities, in accessing built environments [30][31][32] - The report emphasizes the role of global efforts and legislation in shaping accessibility standards to meet the needs of all users [36][42] Goals - The report aims to provide a universal accessibility checklist designed to assist building professionals in enhancing accessibility in the built environment [45][46] - It serves as a practical tool for policymakers and regulatory bodies to evaluate and improve existing accessibility regulations [45][46] - The checklist is intended to be used in conjunction with other modules focusing on fire safety, green building, and structural resilience [47][48] Guidelines for Using the Checklist - A systematic approach is outlined for reviewing accessibility regulations, guiding practitioners through a series of steps to ensure comprehensive evaluations [49][50] - The report stresses the importance of including experts familiar with accessibility issues in the review process to enhance the quality of assessments [50][51] - It provides a framework for identifying gaps in existing regulations and offers technical recommendations for improvement [64][66] Key Concepts in Universal Accessibility Components - The report identifies six key components of universal accessibility in building codes, including access routes, emergency egress, and facilities [72][73] - Each component is broken down into subcomponents, detailing specific requirements for ensuring accessibility in various building types [76][77] - The report emphasizes the need for clear and precise language in regulations to facilitate effective implementation and compliance [57][58]

公共披露授权 南非政策方案 公共披露授权 公共披露授权 优先级1 公共披露授权 提高公共支出对包容 性增长的影响 © 2024 国际重建与发展银行 / 世界银行 1818 H Street NW, 华盛顿特区，哥伦比亚 特区 20433 电话：202-473-1000；互联网：www.worldbank.org 适应性—— 如果您对这部作品进行改编，请添加以下免责声明并与归属一同注明：这是由世界银行原创作品的改编 。改编中表达的观点和意见是改编者或改编者们的独家责任，并不代表世界银行的观点。 一些权利保留。 第三方内容— 世界银行并不必然拥有该作品中所包含的每个组成部分。因此，世界银行不保证作品中所包含的任何 第三方拥有的个体组成部分或部分的使用不会侵犯第三方的权利。由此侵权行为产生的索赔风险完全由您承担。如果 您希望重新使用作品的某个组成部分，您有责任确定是否需要为此使用获得许可，并从版权所有者那里获得许可。组 成部分的例子可以包括但不限于表格、图表或图像。 此研究是世界银行工作人员及外部贡献者的成果。该工作中表达的研究成果、解释和结论并不必然反映世界银行、其 执行董事会的观点，或代表其政府部门。世界银行不 ...

Group 1: Background and Context - The evaluation assesses the World Bank Group's contribution to electricity access in Sub-Saharan Africa from 2015 to 2024, focusing on the persistent electricity access gap in the region[3] - Over 85% of the global population without electricity lives in Sub-Saharan Africa, with 688 million people lacking access as of 2022, down from 13% in 2015 to 9% globally[5][8] - The region has the highest number of countries with low electricity access, with 13 countries having access rates below 50% and 8 countries below 25%[10] Group 2: Challenges and Barriers - There is a significant urban-rural divide in electricity access, with 69% of rural residents lacking access compared to 19% in urban areas[12] - Major barriers to universal electrification include inadequate planning, high costs, and unsustainable business models for electricity providers[34] - The financing gap for achieving Sustainable Development Goal 7 in Sub-Saharan Africa is estimated to be between $35 billion and $50 billion annually[19] Group 3: World Bank Group Initiatives - The World Bank Group has supported the development of National Electrification Plans (NEPs) in several Sub-Saharan African countries to enhance electricity access[21] - The Group's interventions include direct investments in electricity distribution and technical assistance to improve utility performance and attract private sector investment[36] - The World Bank aims to connect 300 million people to electricity by 2030, as part of its broader electrification agenda[23]

公共披露授权 2025年1月22日 政治行动与影响力 企业报告 No. 46 政治参与、集体行动及欧盟私营企业的影響力* 大卫·C·弗朗西斯 T 他对欧洲联盟（欧盟）中私营企业的政治参与模式进行了简要研究。使用代表性数据， 允许在NUTS2区域集团（欧盟地区人口从大约80万到300万不等）的水平上进行分析，出现了 各种参与模式。特别是，商业协会会员广泛存在，其变化似乎主要可以归因于跨国的模式。这 种差异可能源于不同的法律制度，有些国家强制要求加入商业组织；通常，当加入会员是强制 性的时，公司对这些组织提供的服务价值较低。公司也可能转向其他形式的政治参与，例如维 护政治联系。总的来说，寻求影响力的政治参与模式差异很大，包括在国家内部，通常沿着可 识别的制度线。使用估计的政治影响力分数来衡量这种活动。尽管这个分数会有所变化，但分 析表明，分数较高的公司显示出更高的企业绩效，特别是相对于其同行/竞争对手公司。有政治 竞争的证据，其中更高的影响力导致同行公司在相似活动上投入类似的精力。 欧盟是分析企业参与集体和政治行动的关键 焦点。 私营企业参与——并且一直参与——政治活动 无处不在。欧洲的私营部门也不例外。在欧洲 ...

公共披露授权 2025年1月22日 技能 企业简报 No. 43 我国不同NUTS2区域内企业在指出"劳动力教育不足" 为首要障碍方面的差异明显（见图2）。因此，为了 理解企业所面临的不合格工人问题，考虑区域或NU TS2级别的因素也是重要的。 图2. 报告称缺乏足够教育水平员工为最大障碍的企 业比例在NUTS2区域间存在显著差异。 理解与公司报告不充分教育员工为首要障碍相关的 地区特征是确定不充分教育员工的可能原因及其可 能影响、解决该问题的政策类型以及应针对哪些政 策类型的一个良好起点。 经济发展。最自然决定充足受过教育工人可用性的 因素是经济发展水平（参见Lange等人，2018年） 。宏观层面的研究表明，富裕国家拥有远高于其他 国家的教育水平。 * 关联：世界银行、发展经济学、企业分析。联系方式：mamin@worldbank.org。致谢：本简报是关于欧盟27国区域差异和增长机会问题系列 的一部分。本系列是世界银行企业分析团队（DECEA）的成果，并得益于欧盟DG REGIO部门的慷慨支持。团队还感谢Norman V. Loayza和J orge Rodriguez Meza对评论和指导出版过程的贡 ...

公共披露授权 2025年1月22日 建立规模 企业报告第44号 欧盟的机构规模分布* M. Nazım Tamkoç T 他的简报研究了欧盟国家的企业规模分布。已有的文献已经确立，低收入国家中小企业 的过剩是资源配置不当的证据。为了调查这一现象，本简报分析了欧洲联盟国家及区域在NUT S1和NUTS2层级上，经济中企业前10%的平均规模（以就业人数衡量）和就业份额。结果显示 ，高收入国家平均企业规模较大，且在顶端的10%企业中的就业集中度高于低收入国家。这些 发现适用于NUTS1和NUTS2的区域层级。此外，企业规模随着企业年龄的增长、外国所有权的 水平和出口水平的提高而增加。最后，对企业整体规模分布的比较表明，低收入国家中小企业 的比例较高，而大企业较少，这证实了资源配置不当文献中的预测。 小公司规模与资源配置不当之间的关系 文献中普遍认为，全要素生产率（TFP）的差异 是各国人均收入差异的主要决定因素（Klenow 和Rodriguez-Clare，1997；Prescott，1998； Hall和Jones，1999；Caselli，2005；以及Hsie h和Klenow，2010）。TFP差异的一个 ...

Investment Rating - The report does not explicitly provide an investment rating for the industry. Core Insights - Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) and mental health issues are significant and growing challenges for global public health and sustainable development, exacerbated by high-risk factors and the COVID-19 pandemic [2][3] - There is a critical need for increased public funding for NCDs and mental health services, particularly in low-income countries, where most spending comes from out-of-pocket expenses [3][6] - The report emphasizes the importance of domestic financing, health taxes, and development assistance in addressing the funding gap for NCDs and mental health [9][12] Summary by Sections Section 1: Introduction - NCDs and mental health problems are major global health challenges, worsened by the COVID-19 pandemic, which highlighted the vulnerability of affected individuals [2] Section 2: National Policy Responses - National policies often fail to meet health demands due to limited fiscal capacity, leading to low public spending on NCDs and mental health, particularly in low-income countries [3][7] Section 3: Domestic Financing - Domestic resources are essential for funding NCD and mental health programs, with health taxes on tobacco, alcohol, and sugary drinks identified as effective revenue sources [9][10] Section 4: Development Assistance - Development assistance plays a catalytic role in funding NCD and mental health initiatives, but it should not be seen as a long-term financing solution [12][15] Section 5: Conclusion - Increased public funding is necessary to meet the commitments made by national governments regarding health-related sustainable development goals, particularly for NCDs and mental health [18][21]