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蔡昉:人机互补是AI时代劳动力市场的唯一出路
和讯· 2025-12-15 09:14
文 / 高歌 "Alignment Problem"通常译为对齐问题,这是AI安全领域的核心难题,主要是指,如何确保AI系 统的目标与人类复杂多变的价值观、真实意图保持一致。 比如给AI设定"最大化用户参与度"的目标,它可能会推送极端化内容来达成目标,反而危害社会; 且人类价值观无统一标准,还会随时代变化,很难用精确规则编程输入AI,容易出现目标错位。 "AI像任何其他颠覆性技术,天然具有二分法及双刃剑的性质,故一要关注风险,二要借力打力 。 "蔡昉称 , "AI将把结构性就业矛盾变为加强版和新常态,因此更好更有力度 地应对 结构性矛盾是 AI政策 的正确方向 ,既要找准症结、运用合理政策手段,也要实现必要的范式转变。" 01 AI不是单一方向技术变革 当前市面上对AI的观点分化显著,主要集中在技术风险、产业价值、技术路线三大核心维度,不同群 体的立场鲜明且对立。 在技术风险层面,以杰弗里·辛顿为代表的警示派认为,超级AI有10%- 20%概率控制人类或致人类 灭绝,担忧其知识传递快且可能发展出自我生存意识,还会通过欺骗人类 保存 自身存在;乐观派以 杨立昆为代表,觉得AI本质只是工具,当前架构缺乏复杂推理与 ...
蔡昉:“十五五”是AI与就业深度交织的关键期,应推动人机互补
Xin Jing Bao· 2025-12-05 06:27
"十五五"时期将是中国经济结构转型与人口负增长趋势深度交织的关键五年。就业市场如何顶住压力、 开拓新局?近日,新京报记者采访著名经济学家、中国社会科学院学部委员、劳动经济学会会长蔡昉, 探讨人工智能时代背景下,中国就业的未来之路,以及他对"十五五"期间中国就业挑战与机遇的系统性 思考。 换句话说,人工智能时代,技术对就业岗位的替代范围更广泛,更不确定。相应地,仅仅增加受教育年 限,也不再是人力资本培养的核心,而应该着眼于挖掘人类技能中与人工智能具有互补性的部分,而不 要一往无前地去对抗。 蔡昉曾获"孙冶方经济科学奖""中国经济理论创新奖""中国出版政府奖" ,长期研究中国经济改革和发 展、人口和劳动经济学、"三农"问题、收入分配等。他撰写的《中国就业新趋势:人工智能如何重塑劳 动力市场》一书今年出版,该书着眼于人工智能及其赋能数字经济对于就业的挑战,深入探讨了人工智 能技术的发展及其对就业的革命性影响。 在接受专访时,蔡昉指出,未来五年将是中国经济结构转型与人口趋势深度交织的关键时期,就业政策 应前瞻布局,推动人工智能成为"赋能工具"而非"替代威胁",实现"人机互补"而非"人机竞争"。"我们不 能简单说'不用 ...
蔡昉:政府应加大力度“投资于人”
Core Viewpoint - The 20th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China emphasizes the importance of expanding domestic demand as a strategic foundation, integrating investment in goods and people to stimulate new supply and demand, thereby enhancing the internal circulation of the economy [1] Group 1: Investment in People - Increased government spending on education is essential for the comprehensive development of individuals, especially in the context of rapid advancements in artificial intelligence, which poses a challenge to human capital development [2] - The proportion of public education spending relative to GDP should significantly increase to improve human capital and meet the demands of a changing labor market [2] - The government is encouraged to effectively utilize current opportunities to enhance resource allocation in education [2] Group 2: Economic Growth and Human Development - Since the release of the Human Development Index by the United Nations in 1990, China has been the only country to transition from low to high human development levels, currently moving towards extremely high human development [1] - Future improvements in human development levels will rely on health and education, especially as economic growth rates are expected to slow down [1] - It is projected that by 2025, China's per capita GDP will reach $14,000, which is expected to lead to a significant increase in the consumption rate [2]