□景海峰 "以小学为经学"和"即经学史以为经学"的现状 经学曾经是儒学的主干形式，自晚清瓦解以来，已渐渐地淡出了公众视野和学术领地，现代的文献学研究和经学史叙事只是在做一些历史材料的清理工作。 现有的文史哲各学科可能都会涉及经学的部分内容，但这些碎片式的构件只是现代学术系统的些许补充而已。经学自清末以还，作为制度化的学术形式实际 上已不复存在了，它的内容裂散为碎片，洒落在文史哲的各学科领域内。作为整体性的记忆和历史材料的复现，古典文献学比较多地承接了经学的余绪，而 经学史研究则从历史叙述的角度着力勾勒经学以往发展的轨迹。但无论是古典文献学还是经学史，这些现代的研究方式均已不是经学本身，即不是过去经学 形态的简单延续；而是在西学的强烈冲击之下，改弦易辙，另起炉灶，试图对历史上的经学做一番材料清理的工作。 清末民初，经学解体，对经学的理解变得逐渐狭窄化，以至于"以小学为经学"和"即经学史以为经学"成为了学界的一般共识与普遍状况。在偏重于历史文献 的定位中，古典学在一定程度上便取代了经学的位置，在中国文化传统的叙事中，扮演了十分重要的角色。它的叙事内容是有关古代的，并且在形态上与之 前的时代（清代考据）相连接；但是 ...

Core Insights - The central theme of "The World After Capital" is the transition from the industrial age to the knowledge age, where the core societal conflict shifts from "capital scarcity" to "attention scarcity" [4][10] - The author, Albert Wenger, argues that the limitations of capitalist market economies need to be addressed to facilitate a smooth transition from the industrial era to the knowledge era [4][10] Scarcity Redefined - Traditional economic theory defines scarcity based on price; however, Wenger proposes a new definition where scarcity arises when the quantity of something is insufficient to meet demand [5] - Historical context shows that human societies have experienced shifts in scarcity from food in the hunter-gatherer era to land in the agricultural era, and then to capital during the industrial revolution [6][10] Transition to Knowledge Age - The current transition indicates that scarcity is moving from capital to human attention due to advancements in digital technology, which will fundamentally alter lifestyles [6][10] - The success of capitalism has made capital less of a limiting factor in meeting personal needs, particularly in developed economies [8][10] Attention as a Scarce Resource - The author emphasizes that the knowledge age requires attention as a critical resource, akin to how machines in the industrial age required oil [11][12] - The concept of a "knowledge cycle," which includes learning, creating, and sharing, is essential for addressing attention scarcity [11][12] Digital Technology and Knowledge Cycle - Digital technology has revolutionized the knowledge cycle, allowing for unprecedented access to information, but it also poses risks such as misinformation and distraction [12][13] - The dual nature of knowledge encompasses both scientific and cultural aspects, highlighting the importance of human expression and collaboration [12][13] Future Directions - To successfully transition to the knowledge age, significant changes in self-management and collective governance are necessary [13] - The future of human development hinges on current choices and actions, emphasizing the need for both individual and collective efforts to create a more sustainable and prosperous future [13]

Core Perspective - Leonardo da Vinci's "The Last Supper" is not only a pinnacle of Renaissance art but also a timeless monument in human civilization, reflecting complex human emotions and the spirit of an era [1] Group 1: Technological Innovation and Historical Context - The painting was commissioned by Duke Ludovico Sforza for the refectory of the Santa Maria delle Grazie church during a time of political turmoil and cultural innovation in late 15th-century Milan [2] - Da Vinci employed a mixed technique of tempera and oil on a dry plaster wall, which led to preservation issues, making it a classic example of the conflict between artistic innovation and preservation [2] - His interdisciplinary approach, integrating anatomy and optics into the artwork, exemplifies the Renaissance spirit of blending art and science [2] Group 2: Revolutionary Composition and Visual Language - The composition breaks from medieval iconography, with Jesus at the center and the apostles arranged in groups, creating dynamic tension through body language and expressions [3] - The use of single-point perspective draws the viewer into the scene, enhancing the immersive experience and influencing future stage design [3] Group 3: Philosophical Expression of Light and Color - Da Vinci's mastery of chiaroscuro creates a dramatic contrast between light and shadow, symbolizing the duality of light and darkness [4] - The color palette, dominated by earth tones, emphasizes the vibrancy of Jesus' attire, reinforcing the theme of unity between divinity and humanity [4] Group 4: Cultural Significance and Timeless Influence - The painting transforms a biblical narrative into a human drama, reflecting the Renaissance's humanistic ideals [6] - Its influence extends to various art forms and modern media, serving as a symbol of betrayal and loyalty in contemporary culture [6] Group 5: Controversies and Mysteries - The restoration history of "The Last Supper" has sparked debates over the balance between preservation and historical integrity [7] - Misinterpretations of the artwork, such as those presented in popular culture, highlight its enduring ability to inspire imagination and discussion [7]

Academic Context and Research Approach - The author supplements the historical methodology of the "Historical Materialism School" by emphasizing the importance of utilizing existing historical materials to construct new theories, even in the absence of new archaeological findings [4] - The author reflects on the question of why China exists and maintains a vast territory, influenced by the recent discourse on "China's resurgence" [5] - The author acknowledges the impact of the study of ancient Chinese autocratic regimes from a socio-economic perspective, while also recognizing the significance of analyzing historical perspectives on the concept of "state" [5][6] Key Concepts in the Book - The author argues that the early concept of "Tian" (heaven) and "Tianxia" (under heaven) differs significantly from later Confucian interpretations, suggesting a more religiously colored understanding in early contexts [8] - The author critiques mainstream historical interpretations that overlook the religious dimensions of ancient Chinese culture, emphasizing the need to recognize the state's engagement with religion through rituals like the "sacrificial rites" [7][9] - The book reinterprets key historical texts to clarify the evolution of the concept of "Tian" from the Shang to the Zhou dynasty, highlighting the transition from ancestor worship to a more universal deity [9][10] Evolution of State Religion - The author discusses the multi-faceted development of religious beliefs during the Warring States period, suggesting that the emergence of polytheistic practices was influenced by Hellenistic theology [11] - The author posits that the Qin dynasty's adoption of the title "Emperor" reflects a direct manifestation of state religion, contrasting it with the unchanging nature of the Zhou's supreme deity [11] - The author concludes that the formation of state sacrificial rites during the Han dynasty marks a significant point in the evolution of ancient Chinese religious thought, which continued to adapt in response to changing political landscapes [12] Dialogue and Discussion - The discussions following the presentations highlight the need for a nuanced understanding of the concept of "Tian" and its relationship with religion, emphasizing the historical context in which these ideas developed [13] - The dialogue also explores the impact of cultural exchanges on the evolution of ancient Chinese civilization, suggesting that cultural changes are often influenced by external factors [14] - The discussions further address specific issues raised in the book, including the monopolization of religious practices by political authorities and its implications for the understanding of state religion [15]