固收｜从"外汇占款到"资金中枢"央行"两难的变与不 变 20251114 摘要 中国出口顺差加速积累，部分归因于中美及中国与世界其他国家间的物 价差异，中国在全球通胀背景下保持低通胀，增强了出口竞争力，对股 票交易策略具有重要参考价值。 企业结售汇顺差显著增加，表明企业将美元转化为人民币资产，短期内 可能导致人民币升值压力。央行需权衡增加货币投放以满足市场需求， 否则人民币升值压力将进一步加大，影响货币政策。 人民币升值在经济转型中扮演重要角色，借鉴日韩经验，升值可能是中 国经济成功转型的指标。高技术行业受益，劳动密集型产业面临挑战， 同时促进内需，对产业结构调整产生影响。 当前企业结售汇行为显示出从囤积美元向增大结汇的转变，若反映企业 信心增强，可能预示长期趋势，对人民币走势及国内货币政策产生深远 影响，投资者需密切关注。 国际国内环境变化，美国降息美元走弱，国内资产回报率上升，企业更 倾向于持有人民币资产。央行需综合考虑这些因素，适应新的市场动态， 制定货币政策，平衡汇率与经济增长。 Q&A 近年来中国出口强势的原因是什么？对此有哪些不同的解读？ 中国出口强势的原因主要有两种解读。第一种观点认为，这得益于 ...

Core Insights - The essence of "printing money" is the central bank increasing the money supply through specific methods, which raises concerns about currency devaluation, although the average person may not perceive this impact directly [1] Group 1: Modern Monetary System - Understanding the process of money creation requires a breakdown of the logic of the modern monetary system, which has evolved since the abandonment of the gold standard in 1971, allowing central banks to issue currency based on national credit rather than gold reserves [3][4] - Central banks can create money through three main methods, including foreign exchange transactions where commercial banks convert foreign currency into local currency, leading to an increase in the central bank's foreign reserves and the corresponding base currency [4][6] Group 2: Central Bank Operations - The "MLF" (Medium-term Lending Facility) is a typical operation where the central bank lends to commercial banks, impacting borrowing costs and subsequently influencing loan rates for individuals and businesses [4][5] - When the central bank conducts MLF operations, it increases its assets and liabilities on the balance sheet, creating new money backed by collateral from commercial banks [6] Group 3: Economic Impact - A significant portion of newly created money does not directly enter the real economy but remains within banks and financial institutions, leading to asset price inflation rather than immediate consumer price increases [7] - The modern monetary system allows for the anticipation of future money to stimulate short-term economic growth, but this can lead to increased debt levels across households, businesses, and governments, amplifying economic cycles [7][8]

Group 1 - The report indicates that the external environment is severe, leading to a balanced and slightly loose funding situation, with expectations of a slight decline in market interest rates in April [3][5][87] - In March, the central bank increased liquidity, resulting in a slight easing of the funding environment, with average interbank and exchange repo rates mostly declining [3][12][55] - The average overnight transaction volume in the interbank market increased compared to the previous month, while the exchange's overnight transaction volume decreased [42][49] Group 2 - Key indicators in the overseas currency market show that the Federal Reserve paused interest rate cuts in March, and short-term U.S. Treasury rates remained stable [7][9] - Domestic monetary market indicators reveal a slight easing in March, with average repo rates declining, while fiscal deposits increased significantly [5][11] - The report predicts that fiscal deposits will continue to rise in April, with a slight decrease in the excess reserve ratio expected [56][66][81] Group 3 - The report highlights that the average yield on short-term bonds increased in March, with specific changes in yields for various types of bonds [13][32] - The average annualized yield of money market funds decreased slightly in March, indicating a trend of declining yields [37][41] - The report notes that the central bank may use monetary policy tools such as reserve requirement ratio cuts to counter external pressures [76][87]