"印钱"本质是央行通过特定方式增加货币供应量，网上常说央行"印钱"，有人担心货币贬值，但普通人日常感知不明显。 以"xx奶茶"为例，其接到10万美元海外订单，需将美元兑换为人民币用于国内开支。商业银行收下10万美元，按7:1汇率向其账户发放70万元人民币。商业 银行积累一定外汇后，会在银行间外汇市场交易，央行作为最终买方买入外汇、形成外汇储备，同时向市场投放对应金额的基础货币。 这些新钱究竟如何产生、又流向何处？理解这一过程需拆解现代货币体系逻辑。 不妨做个假设：你穿越到古代成为皇帝，刚上任就遇敌军攻城，召集群臣却被告知"钱不够"。你提出"印钱"，大臣们却满脸困惑——古代货币无法凭空创 造，即便有纸币，也需金银作为背书，这就是"金本位"。 1971年布雷顿森林体系瓦解，美元与黄金彻底脱钩，全球货币陆续放弃金本位，转而依靠国家信用支撑。此后，货币供应量不再受金矿储量限制，央行可通 过外汇、债务等资产发行基础货币，再由商业银行进一步创造货币，形成广义货币（M2）。 央行"无中生有"创造货币，主要有三种核心方式： 从资产负债表看，央行资产端增加"外汇储备10万美元"，负债端增加"基础货币70万元"。这种通过买入外汇 ...

Core Points - The second set of Renminbi, issued from March 1955 to January 1999, played a crucial role in establishing a modern currency system in China, addressing the monetary chaos of the early years of the People's Republic and reflecting significant historical and cultural values [1][11]. Background of Issuance - The first set of Renminbi had limitations such as large denominations, multiple valuation units, and poor anti-counterfeiting measures, which complicated transactions and financial management [1][2]. - The need for a standardized and stable currency system arose during the 1950s as the national economy began to recover, prompting the People's Bank of China to prepare for the design and issuance of the second set of Renminbi [2]. Currency Composition - The second set of Renminbi consists of 11 denominations and 13 versions, including unique features such as the 3 yuan note, which was printed in the Soviet Union and later became rare due to its limited circulation [5]. - The introduction of coins in December 1957, made from aluminum-magnesium alloy, complemented the paper currency and improved the small transaction process [5]. Design Features - The design of the second set of Renminbi reflects the era's political and cultural significance, featuring images of laborers and symbols of national achievements, which embody the values of the time [8]. - Advanced printing techniques were employed, enhancing the anti-counterfeiting capabilities and showcasing the progress in China's currency printing technology [8]. Historical Impact - The issuance of the second set of Renminbi unified the currency system, simplified transactions, and provided a stable financial environment essential for economic recovery and development [11]. - It played a vital role in supporting industrial and agricultural development during the "First Five-Year Plan" and laid the groundwork for future currency systems in China [11]. Collectible Value - The second set of Renminbi has become a popular collectible due to its historical significance and rarity, particularly the Soviet-printed notes, which are highly valued in the market [13]. - The cultural and historical aspects of the currency make it an important artifact for studying China's history and financial evolution, with prices for complete sets continuing to rise [13].