Core Viewpoint - The article discusses the distinctions between three roles: author, expert, and consultant, emphasizing their different contributions to problem-solving and knowledge dissemination in the industry [66]. Group 1: Roles and Responsibilities - Authors primarily explain phenomena and present them in an understandable manner, akin to commentators in sports [4][5]. - Experts, on the other hand, abstract frameworks and principles that help in understanding why certain methods are effective and under what circumstances they apply [12][13]. - Consultants are expected to diagnose issues in real-time and provide tailored solutions based on the specific context of a business [42][43]. Group 2: Methodology and Application - The article highlights that while authors can provide insights and suggestions, true value lies in developing a methodology that can be reused across different scenarios [36][40]. - It contrasts Western experts, who rely on theoretical frameworks, with many domestic experts who often act as "experience transporters," applying specific past experiences without adapting them to new contexts [24][22]. - The need for a structured approach in consulting is emphasized, where effective consultants should diagnose before prescribing solutions, rather than offering one-size-fits-all remedies [45][56]. Group 3: Market Dynamics - The article notes that the domestic consulting environment has been influenced by a demand for quick solutions, leading to a prevalence of "quick-fix" methodologies rather than in-depth analysis [52][61]. - It discusses how the pressure for immediate results can hinder the adoption of comprehensive consulting practices, as businesses often prioritize short-term gains over long-term strategies [60][62]. - The distinction between "medical" and "pharmaceutical" consulting approaches is made, with the former focusing on tailored solutions and the latter on standardized methods that may not fit all situations [49][45].

Group 1 - The article discusses the differences between three roles: author, expert, and consultant, emphasizing that each serves a distinct purpose in addressing business challenges [27][28] - Authors primarily explain phenomena and provide insights, while experts summarize patterns and frameworks that can be applied to various situations [27][28] - Consultants are expected to diagnose specific problems and offer tailored solutions based on the unique context of a business [18][27] Group 2 - The article highlights that many so-called experts in the domestic market often act as "experience porters," relying on personal experiences rather than established methodologies [10][11] - In contrast, Western experts tend to be methodologically driven, utilizing theoretical frameworks to provide innovative solutions [11][22] - The domestic consulting industry is characterized by a prevalence of "quick-fix" solutions, often lacking the depth of diagnosis and tailored approaches that true consulting requires [23][24][26]

Core Viewpoint - The transition from high school to university presents significant challenges, particularly in terms of decision-making and self-awareness, which are crucial for personal and professional development [2][3][5][6]. Group 1: Challenges in University Life - University life introduces a different kind of difficulty compared to high school, focusing more on methodology and choices rather than rote learning [5][7]. - Students often experience confusion and uncertainty regarding their direction and methods of effort, leading to a common feeling of "迷茫" (confusion) [3][6]. - The need for self-awareness and understanding one's unique traits becomes critical as students face various career paths and choices [6][9]. Group 2: Decision-Making and Methodology - The university environment requires students to develop their own methods for learning and problem-solving, moving beyond traditional textbook approaches [7][10]. - The process of making decisions in the securities market serves as a practical training ground for students, emphasizing the importance of self-examination and rational decision-making [9][10]. - Engaging with the securities market can enhance decision-making skills and provide a low-cost way to test personal judgments in real-world scenarios [11]. Group 3: Personal Growth and Responsibility - Graduating from high school marks the beginning of new challenges, where students must take on greater responsibilities and seek independence [11][12]. - The article encourages young individuals to actively participate in the securities market to gain insights and develop their decision-making capabilities [12].

Core Viewpoint - The article discusses the concept of methodology, emphasizing its role in problem-solving and the importance of understanding its underlying logic and practical processes [5][11][31]. Group 1: Definition and Importance of Methodology - Methodology is a theoretical system aimed at solving problems and achieving goals through various strategies and methods [2][4]. - The effectiveness of a methodology is evaluated based on three criteria: simplicity, applicability, and effectiveness [7][8]. Group 2: Practical Application and Limitations - While methodologies can enhance efficiency and reduce errors, their utility is contingent upon the user's familiarity and the context in which they are applied [16][17][31]. - The article illustrates that methodologies like SWOT analysis can be challenging to implement effectively due to the difficulty in accurately assessing one's own strengths and weaknesses [20]. Group 3: Common Methodologies - The 5W2H methodology is highlighted as a useful tool for problem identification and resolution, focusing on defining clear objectives rather than delving into root causes [36][39]. - The SMART criteria are presented as a framework for setting effective goals, ensuring they are specific, measurable, attainable, relevant, and time-bound [45][50].

Core Points - The article discusses the recent publication of "Introduction to Austrian School Economics" by Steven Horwitz, which aims to provide Chinese readers with a comprehensive understanding of the Austrian School's fundamental theories [1][4] - Horwitz highlights the resurgence of the Austrian School, emphasizing its growing public presence and the revival of its principles over recent decades [1][4] - The Austrian School traces its origins back to the economic thought revolution of the 1870s, with Carl Menger as a key figure, and was once a dominant school of thought in economics [1][4][5] Summary by Sections Historical Context - The Austrian School emerged from the "marginal revolution" in the 1870s, shifting the focus from labor value theory to utility as the source of value [5] - Menger emphasized the subjectivity of economic value, asserting that value is determined by individuals' perceptions of a good's ability to satisfy their needs [5][8] Methodology - Horwitz discusses the methodology of the Austrian School, particularly the contributions of Menger and Ludwig von Mises, who distinguished between "exact laws" and "empirical generalizations" [6][9] - The Austrian School's methodology is characterized by a priori reasoning, which is seen as essential for understanding historical economic phenomena [9][18] Key Concepts - The book covers important concepts such as market processes, spontaneous order, capital, and entrepreneurship, while also addressing significant historical debates within the Austrian School, including the debates on planned economies and the Keynes-Hayek controversy [4][6][10] Business Cycle Theory - Horwitz equates the Austrian School's business cycle theory with the ideas of Mises and Hayek, explaining that inflation occurs when the money supply exceeds the demand for money, leading to economic cycles [10][12] - Mises argues that economic downturns are corrections of previous misallocations caused by artificial credit expansion, advocating for minimal government intervention during recessions [12][10] Knowledge and Information - The Austrian School posits that knowledge is decentralized and that market prices convey information that guides economic actors, contrasting with the inefficiencies of planned economies [15][18] - Horwitz critiques modern economics for applying natural science methods to social sciences, advocating for a focus on how order emerges under proper rules and institutions [18][22] Critique and Reflection - The article notes that while the Austrian School has valuable insights, it also faces criticism for its abstract notions of freedom and its perceived neglect of real-world complexities [22][26] - The author suggests that the Austrian School needs to adapt its theories to contemporary economic discussions and acknowledges the importance of critical engagement with its principles [26][27]