Group 1: Dollar's Dominance - The dollar's strength is attributed to its role in global trade settlements, with 41% of cross-border payments made in dollars, compared to 32% in euros and only 3% in yuan [1] - The dollar is the absolute leader in global financial markets, with U.S. investment banks and funds primarily operating in dollar assets, leading to capital flows towards the U.S. during interest rate hikes [4] - The dollar's status as the world's primary reserve currency is evident, with 58% of global foreign exchange reserves held in dollars, compared to 19% in euros and 5% in both yen and yuan [6] Group 2: U.S. Economic Strategies - The U.S. employs monetary policy as a weapon, with interest rate adjustments causing global economic tremors, as seen in the 1980s and the 1997 Asian financial crisis [7] - The U.S. financial market's maturity allows it to attract global capital, even during crises, as demonstrated during the 2008 financial crisis when the U.S. absorbed global funds to stabilize its economy [10] - Trade rules enforced through international institutions like WTO and IMF compel countries to use the dollar for transactions, with sanctions imposed on non-compliant nations [11] Group 3: Challenges from China - China's rise has complicated U.S. dollar-centric strategies, with China maintaining control over its currency and foreign exchange policies, limiting U.S. influence [11][12] - China has diversified its trade partnerships, with trade volumes reaching $690 billion with the U.S. and over $900 billion with ASEAN in 2023, while increasing the yuan's share in cross-border payments to 4.5% [13] - China's military advancements and strategic positioning in the South China Sea challenge U.S. military dominance, with significant naval capabilities developed in recent years [14][18] Group 4: U.S.-China Relations - The U.S. has recognized its economic dependence on China, particularly highlighted during the global supply chain crisis, leading to a shift towards cooperation rather than confrontation [18] - The U.S. inflation rate surged to 8% during the trade war, prompting a reconsideration of its approach towards China, as indicated by Treasury Secretary Yellen's visit to China in 2023 [18]

Group 1: Technology and Innovation - The core battlefield of the US-China rivalry is in the technology sector, particularly in areas like artificial intelligence, semiconductors, and 5G [2] - Despite US sanctions, China has made significant strides in technology self-sufficiency, exemplified by Huawei's development of the Kirin 9000s chip and the launch of the DeepSeek R1 AI model, which outperformed some US models [4][5] - China's commitment to increasing R&D investment in core technologies like semiconductors and AI is expected to enhance its competitiveness [5] Group 2: Trade Relations - The trade war initiated by the Trump administration in 2018 has not subsided, with tariffs imposed on hundreds of billions of dollars of Chinese goods [7] - China has responded to US tariffs by imposing its own tariffs on US agricultural and industrial products, showcasing its economic resilience [9] - The potential for negotiation and compromise remains, as evidenced by the temporary suspension of certain tariffs during Geneva talks [9] Group 3: Global Supply Chain and Manufacturing - The US has attempted to exclude China from global supply chains, but China's position as the "world's factory" remains strong due to its superior infrastructure and production efficiency [11][12] - In the electric vehicle sector, BYD is projected to surpass Tesla as the largest EV manufacturer by 2024, indicating China's growing influence in this market [13] Group 4: Military Dynamics - China's military modernization, including advancements in missile technology and aircraft, demonstrates its growing military capabilities [15] - The US continues to conduct military operations in the South China Sea, but both nations have shown restraint in escalating military tensions [17] Group 5: Overall Economic Outlook - The US faces challenges such as manufacturing hollowing out and rising social tensions, while China is steadily advancing its economic reforms and expanding its international relationships [19] - The strategic patience and resilience of China may lead to a potential shift in the balance of power, allowing it to break the US's dominant position in the future [19]