Core Viewpoint - The global financial market is experiencing a "Super Central Bank Week" at the end of 2025, with significant divergence in monetary policies among major economies, marking a transition from synchronized monetary control to a new phase characterized by high volatility and low coordination [1][4]. Group 1: Monetary Policy Divergence - Major economies are adopting three distinct monetary policy approaches: rate cuts, rate hikes, and maintaining current rates [4]. - The U.S. Federal Reserve completed its third rate cut of the year in December, lowering the federal funds rate target range to 3.5%-3.75%, a total reduction of 75 basis points for the year [5]. - The Bank of England cut its benchmark rate by 25 basis points to 3.75% on December 18, totaling a 100 basis point reduction for the year, as it faces high inflation and economic weakness [5]. - The Russian Central Bank lowered its benchmark rate by 50 basis points to 16%, marking the fifth consecutive cut since starting its easing cycle, with a total reduction of 500 basis points from a peak of 21% [6]. - Japan's Central Bank raised its rate by 25 basis points to 0.75%, ending nearly 30 years of ultra-loose monetary policy, driven by rising inflation and a depreciating yen [7]. Group 2: Economic Implications - The European Central Bank maintained its key rates, reflecting a cautious approach amid fragile economic conditions, with GDP growth expected at 1.4% for the EU and 1.3% for the Eurozone, below the global average of 3.0% [10]. - The ECB's decision to hold rates steady indicates a shift from a rate-cutting cycle to an observation phase, as inflation in the Eurozone stabilized at 2.1% in November [11]. - Other countries like Switzerland, Canada, and Australia also kept their rates unchanged, contributing to a neutral policy stance [12]. Group 3: Global Economic Restructuring - The historical divergence in global monetary policies is reshaping the economic and financial landscape through capital flows and trade interactions [13]. - The shift in capital flows is moving from "chasing high interest" to "stabilizing expectations," with the U.S. and U.K. rate cuts leading to a decrease in the attractiveness of domestic assets [14]. - The depreciation of the dollar due to rate cuts is benefiting export-oriented companies in economies like China and ASEAN, while the yen's appreciation from rate hikes negatively impacts Japanese exporters [17]. Group 4: Future Economic Outlook - The divergence in monetary policies is indicative of a multi-polar and multi-cycle global economy, with predictions of global GDP growth between 2.8% and 3.1% in 2026, highlighting a growing divide between developed and emerging markets [20]. - The potential for increased financial volatility, trade friction, and uneven growth due to rate divergence is expected to become the new normal in the global economy [20].

Economic Progress - IMF praises El Salvador's economic progress [1] Bitcoin Holdings - Tensions over El Salvador's bitcoin holdings ease [1]

🇸🇻 NEW: The IMF says El Salvador's economy is expanding faster than anticipated with GDP projected to reach ~4% this year.Bitcoin project discussions will continue focusing on transparency. https://t.co/EvS2vaTyXI ...

Core Viewpoint - The recent appreciation of the Renminbi (RMB) is seen as beneficial for domestic consumption and reducing import costs, but there are concerns about calls for a significant appreciation that could harm the economy [1][3][21] Group 1: Economic Impact of RMB Appreciation - The moderate appreciation of the RMB aligns well with the domestic strategy to expand internal demand, leading to lower import costs and increased disposable income for consumers [3][21] - China, as the world's largest crude oil importer, has seen a 3.2% year-on-year increase in crude oil imports, totaling 521.87 million tons in the first eleven months [3] - The reduction in import costs for crude oil and other commodities, such as synthetic fiber and soybeans, alleviates financial pressure on households, allowing for increased spending in sectors like tourism, education, and health [3][4] Group 2: Risks of Significant RMB Appreciation - Experts advocating for a drastic appreciation of the RMB by 50% may overlook the potential negative consequences, such as the risk of economic instability similar to Japan's experience post-Plaza Accord [4][20] - A rapid appreciation could severely impact export-oriented businesses, which typically operate on thin profit margins of 3% to 5%, potentially leading to cash flow issues and the elimination of many small and medium enterprises [17][21] - The argument for significant appreciation based on purchasing power parity is criticized for ignoring the differences in economic structures and cost compositions between countries [12][14][16]

Monetary Policy - Pakistan's central bank unexpectedly cut interest rates [1] International Finance - The interest rate cut follows the IMF's approval of another loan payment to Pakistan [1]

Global Economic Outlook - The global economic growth outlook is bleak, with the IMF projecting a slowdown in 2026 due to rising protectionism and prolonged uncertainty [1][10][27] - Global economic activity is expanding modestly, primarily driven by the services sector, but tariff pressures are constraining trade and manufacturing [12][34] China - China's economic growth is losing momentum, with manufacturing contracting for seven consecutive months, the longest period in over nine years [42][44] - Retail sales growth is significantly below pre-pandemic levels, and GDP growth is expected to slow from 4.8% in 2025 to 4.4% in 2026 without substantial stimulus measures [1][42] - The real estate slump and oversupply issues continue to pose challenges, with recovery efforts expected to take time [44][51] United States - The U.S. economy is projected to grow moderately at 2.1% in 2026, slightly up from 2.0% in 2025, supported by fiscal expansion and service sector activity [2][21] - Labor market slowdown and various risks, including political uncertainty and tariff impacts, are expected to cloud the economic outlook [21][27] - The Federal Reserve is anticipated to lower the federal funds rate to a range of 3.25%-3.50% amid sticky inflation and economic headwinds [21][27] Eurozone - The Eurozone is expected to continue its recovery with modest GDP growth of 1.1% in 2026, supported by fiscal policies and an expanding service sector [28][30] - However, persistent weaknesses in manufacturing and external demand due to geopolitical tensions may weigh on overall growth [28][34] Japan - Japan's economy shows potential for recovery, bolstered by fiscal stimulus and strong service sector activity, despite challenges from weak manufacturing and global demand [3][35] - The government has introduced a JPY 21.3 trillion stimulus package to address inflation and promote growth [3][37] - The Bank of Japan is expected to cautiously normalize its monetary policy as inflation remains above the target [38][41] Thailand - Thailand's economic growth is projected to slow to 1.8% in 2026, the lowest in five years, due to the impact of U.S. tariffs and global trade tensions [3][52] - The tourism sector is recovering but has not yet returned to pre-pandemic levels, and domestic political uncertainties may affect public spending [3][52] - Stimulus measures and growth in emerging industries may provide some support to the economy [3][52]

Mozambique bonds were among top performers in emerging markets after the country’s president said he expects to secure a new IMF funding program early next year https://t.co/zIidZ403HF ...

The IMF upgrades forecasts for China’s growth and calls for a “more forceful policy package” from Beijing https://t.co/RNJgFMvMN5 ...

The executive board of the IMF is expected to meet this month to decide on a Rapid Financing Instrument for Sri Lanka as it rebuilds from the devastation caused by Cyclone Ditwah, an official says https://t.co/Qfbqu1FZJM ...

⏱️ State of Crypto This Week: Your 60-second review• 2,000 Bitcoin on the move: Two rare Casascius coins backed by 1,000 BTC each activated after 13 years, unlocking more than $179M stashed away since 2011-2012.• Peter Schiff fails to authenticate gold bar during onstage test with CZ at Binance Blockchain Week, highlighting challenges of verifying physical gold versus cryptographically secure Bitcoin.• IMF releases comprehensive guidelines for addressing stablecoin risks beyond regulations, warning of curre ...