中国发展改革报社评论员|张洽棠 扩大内需与促进开放协同。 内需是中国经济的"发动机"，本次政治局会议提出，设立服务消费与养老再贷款，定向支持服务与消费 领域，要求"尽快清理消费领域限制性措施"，这些是在需求侧的细分领域进行深入创新，充分释放消费 潜在活力。同时，会议还提出"提高中低收入群体收入"，这是从收入端努力解决消费的动力源问题，使 得人民群众能花、敢花且想花，让消费这驾"马车"跑得更稳、更快且更好。 近日，扩大服务业开放试点新增9个城市，允许外资控股医疗机构等政策频出。我国制度型开放的步子 越走越快，同时，面对关税等国际博弈，会议也明确提出"反对单边霸凌行径"。目前，外部环境充满了 不确定性，也对部分企业造成了一定的冲击，不过，包括内外贸一体化等"组合拳"在较大程度上实现了 风险对冲，让广大外贸企业真切体会到了国家的温暖。 短期政策发力与长期制度建设兼顾。 当前，在面对国际国内纷繁复杂的局面时，我们更多地展现出战略主动出击，将主动权牢牢掌握在自己 手中。这既是发展韧性的真实体现，也是改革创新的生动写照。 会议的政策基调十分明确，即"加强超常规逆周期调节"，要求财政与货币政策双轮驱动、超常规发力。 不仅有 ...

中国经济，正频频让人感到"超预期"。 一季度经济同比增速5.4%，超出了很多国内外机构的预测，而过去往往在四月底召开的中央政治局会议，来得也比往年更早一 些。 时间本身也是信号。 当前，经济持续回升向好的基础还需要进一步稳固，外部冲击影响加大，在这样的国内外情况下，及时召开会议并向社会传递应对 当前形势的决策判断与工作部署，可以帮助各界更好认识当前经济形势，统一思想认识，也可以更好凝聚共识。 细看中央政治局会议新闻通稿，多处表述之前都很少见。比如这句， "统筹国内经济发展和国际经贸斗争" 。和2018年的"经贸摩 擦"相比，"经贸斗争"反映出中央对当前国际形势的严峻性、长期性和艰巨性的最新判断，也正基于这样的判断，会议提出要"强化 底线思维，充分备足预案，扎实做好经济工作。" 以变应变。 会议提出， "要着力稳就业、稳企业、稳市场、稳预期" ，也蕴含不少新意。 "稳就业"排在首位，"对受关税影响较大的企业，提高失业保险基金稳岗返还比例"，表明在外部冲击加大的情况下，对就业这个民 生之首的高度重视。 稳企业、稳市场，"多措并举帮扶困难企业"，透露出宏观决策对微观经济运行主体的关切度在进一步提升。在去年9月以来一 ...

Core Viewpoint - The newly released "Market Access Negative List (2025 Edition)" reduces restrictions on market access, optimizing management and promoting economic development through a more open market environment [1][2][3]. Group 1: Market Access Changes - The number of items in the negative list has decreased from 117 in the 2022 version to 106 in the 2025 version, with national management measures reduced from 486 to 469 and local measures from 36 to 20 [1]. - The reform reflects progress in administrative approval system reform and aims to lower market access thresholds while ensuring regulatory compliance in key areas [2][3]. - The management model of "negative list" promotes a "non-prohibited, non-entry" approach, significantly simplifying access processes and reducing administrative intervention [3][4]. Group 2: Specific Measures and Adjustments - The 2025 edition directly removes several national measures, such as changing the licensing system for the seal engraving industry to a filing system [4]. - It also cancels various local measures, facilitating market access in transportation logistics, vehicle rental services, and other sectors, thereby promoting a unified national access approach [4][5]. - New management measures for emerging industries and fields have been included, such as regulations for the operation of civil unmanned aerial vehicles and the production and sale of electronic cigarettes [5]. Group 3: Impact on Private Enterprises - The reform is expected to invigorate private enterprises and boost investment confidence by providing a more equitable competitive environment [6][7]. - As of January 2025, there are approximately 56.7 million registered private enterprises in China, with over 420,000 classified as high-tech enterprises, highlighting their importance in technological development [7]. - The continuous reduction of access restrictions and the release of policy dividends are anticipated to create broader development opportunities for private enterprises [7]. Group 4: Barrier Removal Actions - Alongside the release of the new list, a market access barrier cleaning and rectification action will be initiated to eliminate unreasonable regulations and practices that violate market access requirements [8]. - The National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) has reported on 115 typical cases of violations of the negative list, indicating ongoing efforts to address market access obstacles [8]. - The NDRC emphasizes the need for a robust mechanism to identify and eliminate barriers, ensuring the effective implementation of the "non-prohibited, non-entry" principle [8][9]. Group 5: Regulatory Oversight - The 2025 edition outlines comprehensive regulatory requirements, mandating that government departments enforce laws against illegal market entry and ensure oversight throughout the access process [9]. - A collaborative regulatory framework involving government oversight, corporate self-discipline, industry regulation, and social supervision is being promoted to enhance market access governance [9].

Core Viewpoint - The newly released "Market Access Negative List (2025 Edition)" indicates a further relaxation of market access restrictions in China, reducing the number of restricted items from 117 to 106 compared to the 2022 version [1][2]. Group 1: Changes in Market Access - The 2025 edition of the negative list has lowered entry barriers by removing 8 national access restrictions, such as changing the public seal engraving industry from a licensing system to a filing system [1]. - The list has also opened up 8 national measures in sectors like new telecommunications services, TV production, and pharmaceutical wholesale and retail, streamlining the access process while maintaining necessary management [1]. - Additionally, 17 local measures have been removed, promoting a unified national market by canceling local licensing requirements in areas like transportation logistics and vehicle rental services [1]. Group 2: Equal Access for Enterprises - According to the National Development and Reform Commission, all types of business entities, whether state-owned or private, large or small, can enter the market equally and legally, with no illegal access barriers set by the government outside the list [2]. - The 2025 edition maintains a balance by ensuring that while access is widened, certain sectors like unmanned aerial vehicle operations and new tobacco products are still included in the negative list for regulatory purposes [2]. Group 3: Historical Context - Since the first version of the market access negative list was introduced in 2018, there have been four revisions, reducing the number of restricted items from 151 to the current 106, representing a reduction of approximately 30% [2].

Core Points - The Supreme People's Court of China held a press conference to release the "Judicial Protection Status of Intellectual Property by Chinese Courts (2024)" and typical cases related to intellectual property [1] - In 2023, Chinese courts received nearly 530,000 intellectual property cases and concluded over 540,000, indicating a steady increase in case resolution rates and judicial efficiency [2] - The courts have implemented punitive damages in 460 civil infringement cases, with a year-on-year increase of 44.2%, highlighting a strict approach to intellectual property protection [2] - The Supreme People's Court has introduced comprehensive guidelines to enhance judicial protection for technological innovation, aiming to safeguard the rights of innovation entities [2] Group 1: Judicial Efficiency and Case Management - Chinese courts have seen a stable rise in the number of concluded intellectual property cases, with a case resolution rate that continues to improve [2] - The establishment of 30 specialized intellectual property courts and 558 grassroots courts with jurisdiction over intellectual property cases has optimized the judicial landscape [4] - The implementation of a "three-in-one" trial mechanism across various courts has further enhanced the efficiency of intellectual property judicial protection [4] Group 2: Protection of Innovation and Technology - The Supreme People's Court has actively protected technological innovation by issuing opinions that provide systematic guidance for cases involving high-tech intellectual property [2] - A notable case involving punitive damages for a technology secret infringement in the "new energy vehicle chassis" case resulted in compensation exceeding 640 million yuan, showcasing the court's commitment to protecting innovation [2] - The court has also opened hearings for patent ownership disputes related to "osteoarthritis drugs," reinforcing the protection of research entities [2] Group 3: International Cooperation and Global Governance - The Supreme People's Court has engaged in international cooperation by participating in global governance discussions on intellectual property, including hosting seminars with the World Intellectual Property Organization [7] - The court has actively participated in bilateral and multilateral exchanges, enhancing China's international influence in intellectual property law [8] - In 2024, the courts received 8,252 new foreign-related intellectual property cases, reflecting a commitment to fair treatment of both domestic and foreign parties [7]

畅通经济循环 推进统一大市场建设(一） 杨成长 龚 芳 曾培春 高效完备的制度体系是全国统一大市场畅通运行的重要前提基础。从市场基础制度来看，全 国统一大市场建设包含了三个层次的制度，分别是市场运行制度、信用制度以及产权制度 从实践来看，企业全生命周期包含创立、成长、成熟、衰退四个阶段，对应到市场运行活动 中的准入、竞争、退出三个环节。高效、统一的市场准入、退出及公平竞争制度是保障企业主体 正常生产经营和参与社会经济运行的重要制度基础 良好的信用环境和信用机制是维系企业间商业活动秩序、降低企业交易成本的制度保障。信 用制度作为市场"软环境"的集中体现，也是纵深推进全国统一大市场建设的重要制度基础 完善的产权保护制度是激发全社会创新潜力、鼓励创业的重要制度基础。加快完善产权制 度，彻底厘清企业有限产权责任与企业家个人财产之间的界限，坚决杜绝企业家个人无限连带责 任的现象，已成为激发民营主体活力，畅通国内大循环的关键所在 应对外部市场环境不确定性的挑战，全面激发内需市场活力，释放内需增长潜能成为稳经济 稳预期的关键所在。今年政府工作报告将全方位扩大国内需求放在首要位置，并明确提出要通过 纵深推进全国统一大市场建设 ...

Core Viewpoint - The article emphasizes the importance of establishing a unified national market to stimulate domestic demand and ensure stable economic growth, especially in the face of external uncertainties such as the U.S. "reciprocal tariff" policy [5][8]. Group 1: Market Foundation System - A comprehensive market foundation system is essential for the smooth operation of a unified national market, which includes market operation systems, credit systems, and property rights systems [7][9]. - The market operation system is crucial, involving market access, fair competition, and exit mechanisms that correspond to the lifecycle of enterprises [9][12]. - A robust credit system serves as the "soft support" for the market, reducing transaction costs and enhancing trust among business entities [10][17]. - The property rights system is the "hard constraint" that protects the rights of entrepreneurs and clarifies the boundaries between personal and corporate liabilities, which is vital for encouraging innovation and entrepreneurship [11][23]. Group 2: Market Access and Competition - The article discusses the need to eliminate barriers to market access and create a fair competitive environment, highlighting reforms in market entry and exit mechanisms [12][15]. - Significant progress has been made in market access reforms, including the reduction of prohibited licensing items from 151 to 117, representing a 60% decrease [12]. - The competition rules have been improved, with the first revision of the Anti-Monopoly Law completed in 2022, establishing a comprehensive legal framework for fair competition [12][13]. Group 3: Credit Environment - The establishment of a sound credit environment is crucial for reducing social transaction costs and maintaining order in commercial activities [17][18]. - Recent reforms have led to the development of a social credit system, with over 1.8 billion credit records collected, facilitating better access to financing for businesses [18][20]. - Challenges remain in credit acquisition and sharing, particularly for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), which often face high costs and difficulties in obtaining credit ratings [19][21]. Group 4: Property Rights Protection - Strengthening property rights protection is essential for fostering innovation and entrepreneurship, with ongoing efforts to clarify the responsibilities and rights of entrepreneurs [23][25]. - Despite improvements, issues such as unlimited joint liability for entrepreneurs persist, which can deter investment and innovation [23][24]. - The article calls for the establishment of a unified property rights protection system and the promotion of modern enterprise systems to enhance the vitality of the private economy [25].

Core Viewpoint - The Chinese government is committed to implementing more proactive macro policies and increasing counter-cyclical adjustments to support stable economic growth and reform [1][5]. Group 1: Economic Policies - Premier Li Qiang emphasized the need for more active macro policies and counter-cyclical adjustments to ensure sustained economic improvement [1][5]. - The government aims to deepen economic reforms and promote a unified national market to facilitate smoother economic circulation [1][5]. Group 2: Industry Insights - The China Iron and Steel Association highlighted that supply-demand imbalance is the main issue affecting the steel industry, advocating for the closure of new production capacity and the exit of outdated capacity [1]. - In the glass industry, inventory levels have decreased, with a reported reduction of 2.02 million heavy boxes week-on-week, indicating a potential recovery in demand [2][15]. Group 3: Commodity Market Trends - Gold prices reached new highs, driven by expectations of future monetary easing and geopolitical uncertainties, although upward momentum may slow after surpassing $3000 per ounce [3][18]. - Aluminum prices are under pressure due to high levels, affecting downstream consumption, while demand is gradually recovering post-holiday [3][21]. Group 4: Agricultural Products - The domestic apple cold storage inventory decreased by 234,500 tons, indicating a slight improvement in market dynamics, while prices remain stable [32]. - The domestic pig price continues to decline, with expectations of increased supply in the coming months due to recovering breeding stock [33].

Group 1 - The core viewpoint emphasizes the need for the government to act as an executor of the Central Committee's decisions, highlighting the importance of being proactive and results-oriented in governance [1][2] - The government has outlined specific tasks for economic and social development, including actions to boost consumption, promote a unified national market, and advance the "Artificial Intelligence +" initiative [2] - There is a focus on enhancing high-level opening up, stabilizing foreign trade and investment, and effectively responding to external shocks [2] Group 2 - The meeting involved key officials from various ministries, including the National Development and Reform Commission and the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security, indicating a collaborative approach to policy implementation [3][4] - The government aims to deepen reforms and improve the legal and credit environment to stimulate the initiative of various business entities [2] - The emphasis is placed on achieving higher standards in development, particularly in areas such as domestic circulation, green transformation, and improving people's livelihoods [2]

Group 1 - The construction of a unified national market is emphasized as a crucial requirement in the government work report, with the metaphor of "self-harming" if not pursued [1] - China's vast market, projected to generate nearly 50 trillion yuan in consumption and investment in 2024, is highlighted as a significant advantage, with any 1% demand equating to a market of over 14 million people [2] - The central government has prioritized the establishment of a unified market, implementing various policies to eliminate local protectionism and market fragmentation, aiming for a stable and fair competitive environment [2][3] Group 2 - Despite the reduction of visible barriers to a unified market, hidden barriers still exist, causing challenges for businesses in cross-regional operations and investments [3] - The shift in the government work report's language from "accelerate" to "deepen" indicates a stronger commitment to reforming the unified market, with specific prohibitions outlined in the guidelines [3] - The importance of an open and fair market environment is underscored, as approximately 24,000 new enterprises are established daily, which are vital for the vitality of the Chinese economy [4]