Group 1 - The article discusses the phenomenon of price competition and overcapacity in various industries, using oil, water, and milk as case studies [5] - The first case study focuses on the oil crisis of the 1970s, highlighting how low oil prices prior to the crisis led to a significant change in consumer behavior and the automotive industry in the U.S. [6][10] - It explains that the low oil prices were not solely due to exploitation by capitalist countries but were also driven by the need to expand market size and create consumer habits [9] Group 2 - The second case study examines the pricing strategies in Japan's retail sector, particularly the phenomenon where 2L bottled water is cheaper than 550ml, illustrating competitive pricing and consumer sensitivity [11][13] - It notes that this pricing strategy is a result of long-term deflation and competitive pressure, leading to a situation where retailers use lower-priced larger bottles to attract customers [12][14] Group 3 - The final case study addresses the "milk dumping" incidents during the Great Depression in the U.S., where milk was discarded instead of being distributed to those in need [16][21] - It outlines the complexities behind this phenomenon, including actions taken by farmers, industry associations, and government interventions aimed at stabilizing milk prices [17][19]

一、原油价格低是在剥削产油国吗？ 假期里，照旧写一些离股市比较远的话题，今天聊聊价格内卷，很多国家都出现过部分产业或者全部产 业的产能过剩，本文用三个例子，油、水与奶，看看他们当初是怎么"卷价格"，又是怎么"反内卷"的。 第一个案例是70年代以前的原油。 石油危机之前，国际市场的原油非常便宜，1970年美国平均零售油价，每加仑汽油约36美分，按通胀折 算到今天，大约等于每加仑2.5美元左右，也就是说，美国人在石油危机前加油的实际生活负担，大概 只是今天的一半甚至更低。 1970年的大排量汽车非常畅销，因为油价太便宜了，到了1973年石油危机爆发后，油价仅仅涨了一倍， 就直接改写了美国人的购车习惯，从"肌肉车"转向小型车，再也没有改回来过，由此可以看出，高油价 对美国人生活的永久改变，或者换句话说，之前油价低得不合理。 1970年以前的低油价是如何形成的呢？ 石油最初只是用于照明，最典型的产品是煤油，是电灯出现前最主要的燃料。人类正式进入石油时代是 从1967年开始，石油在一次能源消费结构中首次超过煤炭。 更重要的是，原油下游还诞生了一个庞大的石油化工行业，下游产品从汽油柴油到各种塑料、建材、农 药化肥、纺织品 ...