Core Viewpoint - The article highlights the development and significance of the "Fengyu" model, which is the world's first full-chain artificial intelligence forecasting model for space weather, enhancing China's capabilities in space weather monitoring and prediction [2][9]. Group 1: Importance of Space Weather Monitoring - The current solar activity poses threats to satellites, aircraft, and critical ground infrastructure due to unpredictable events like solar flares, likened to an invisible "cosmic tsunami" [4]. - Traditional forecasting methods rely heavily on numerical models, which are complex and time-consuming, making real-time responses challenging [5]. Group 2: Introduction of the "Fengyu" Model - The "Fengyu" model was officially launched on July 26, 2025, at the World Artificial Intelligence Conference, developed by the National Satellite Meteorological Center in collaboration with Nanchang University and Huawei [8]. - The model integrates physical models, numerical forecasting, and artificial intelligence, significantly improving China's space weather forecasting capabilities [9]. Group 3: Technological Innovations of the "Fengyu" Model - The model features a pioneering "chain training structure" that integrates forecasting processes into a collaborative system, addressing the limitations of previous isolated AI models [12]. - It introduces a unique "intelligent coupling optimization mechanism" that allows for real-time collaborative optimization among different regional models, enhancing forecasting accuracy [14]. - The model is built on the MindSpore Science suite and Ascend hardware, achieving superior training efficiency and predictive accuracy compared to traditional platforms [11][18]. Group 4: Performance and Applications - The "Fengyu" model has demonstrated exceptional short-term forecasting capabilities, maintaining prediction errors for global electron density within approximately 10% during significant geomagnetic storm events [25]. - It can guide spacecraft design and operational management, optimizing satellite fuel usage and flight posture in response to predicted space weather changes [27][28]. Group 5: Future Directions - The release of the "Fengyu" model marks a significant advancement in space weather monitoring and prediction, serving as a successful case in the AI for Science domain [30]. - Future developments aim to deploy AI capabilities directly on satellites for autonomous decision-making, representing a critical evolution in aerospace AI applications [31][32].

Core Viewpoint - The article highlights the successful development of the "Fengyu" model, which is the world's first full-chain artificial intelligence forecasting model for space weather, significantly enhancing China's capabilities in space weather prediction [2][3][6]. Group 1: Model Development and Features - The "Fengyu" model integrates physical models, numerical forecasting, and artificial intelligence, creating a tripartite structure that improves space weather forecasting capabilities [7]. - It employs innovative technologies such as upstream and downstream intelligent coupling, enabling collaborative optimization and rapid hourly forecasting across different space weather regions [8][12]. - The model is based on the MindSpore Science suite and Ascend hardware, achieving superior training efficiency and prediction accuracy compared to traditional platforms [9][15]. Group 2: Technological Innovations - The model features the first international full-link intelligent modeling, covering solar wind, magnetosphere, and ionosphere, with a flexible and efficient update mechanism [12]. - It introduces a coupling optimization mechanism that enhances the interaction between different regional models, improving the understanding and prediction accuracy of space weather phenomena [13][14]. - The model's architecture shifts from isolated operations to a collaborative approach, addressing the limitations of previous AI models in space weather forecasting [10][11]. Group 3: Data Integration and Performance - The "Fengyu" model benefits from China's "Earth-Space Integrated" observation system, which provides extensive and high-quality data for training and validation [16][18]. - It has demonstrated exceptional predictive performance, maintaining a prediction error of around 10% for global electron density during significant geomagnetic events, marking it as the best result globally [21]. - The model has applied for 11 national invention patents, indicating its innovative contributions to the field [22]. Group 4: Practical Applications - The model's predictive capabilities extend to satellite design, management, and operation, allowing for proactive measures against space weather impacts [24][25]. - It aids in optimizing satellite fuel usage and flight posture in response to predicted atmospheric changes due to space weather [26]. - The advancements in the "Fengyu" model represent a significant leap in space weather monitoring and forecasting, with implications for future AI applications in space exploration [27][28]. Group 5: Future Directions - The next step involves deploying AI capabilities directly on satellites for autonomous decision-making, marking a crucial evolution in AI applications within the aerospace sector [28][29].

Core Viewpoint - The International Meridian Circle Scientific Program aims to enhance global monitoring and research of space weather, addressing the need for international collaboration in understanding and mitigating space weather disasters [3][9]. Group 1: Importance of International Collaboration - Space weather is a global phenomenon that requires extensive observation across various regions, making international cooperation essential for effective monitoring and research [3]. - The program focuses on the physical processes and changes in space weather, leveraging ground-based detection as a primary method due to its advantages in cost and reliability [3][6]. Group 2: Geographical Significance - The choice of the meridian circle along East Longitude 120° to West Longitude 60° is strategic, as it provides comprehensive land coverage for establishing ground observation facilities, creating a closed monitoring loop [4][5]. Group 3: Scientific Objectives - The program aims to construct a global monitoring chain for the Earth-space system, focusing on understanding the interactions between solar activity and terrestrial phenomena, as well as addressing three major scientific challenges related to space weather [6][7]. Group 4: Infrastructure and Capabilities - The Meridian Project has established a robust ground-based monitoring network, consisting of 31 stations and 282 monitoring devices, which enhances the capability for comprehensive observation of the Earth-space environment [8]. - The project has also developed a competitive research team in space physics and weather, providing a solid foundation for the implementation of the international program [8]. Group 5: Global Engagement - The program has already secured cooperation agreements with 36 international organizations and research institutions, indicating a strong collaborative framework for at least 11 years of research and observation [9].

Core Viewpoint - The recent solar prominence eruption observed by China's "Xihe" satellite is a significant event, with a plasma channel extending approximately 400,000 kilometers, roughly the distance from Earth to the Moon, indicating the ongoing high activity of the sun and potential implications for space weather [1][4][6]. Group 1: Solar Activity and Its Implications - Solar activity is currently at a peak, with the 25th solar cycle entering its high phase, expected to continue through 2024 and 2025, indicating a higher frequency of solar events compared to the previous cycle [4][8]. - The occurrence of X-class solar flares has been notable, with over 60 such flares recorded from 2024 to the present, each equivalent to the energy consumption of China over 300,000 years, posing risks of coronal mass ejections and significant geomagnetic storms [6][8]. - The potential for large-scale solar eruptions remains high until the end of this active period in 2030, particularly concerning coronal mass ejections and X-class flares that could trigger strong geomagnetic storms [8][9]. Group 2: Challenges to Space Assets - The increasing frequency of solar activity poses significant challenges to the safety of space assets, with approximately half of satellite failures attributed to space weather events [9][11]. - High-energy particles from solar eruptions can disrupt satellite electronics and compromise astronaut safety during extravehicular activities [11][22]. Group 3: Advances in Space Weather Forecasting - The development of artificial intelligence (AI) models for space weather forecasting represents a significant advancement, enabling real-time monitoring and prediction of solar events and their impacts on Earth [12][16][20]. - A new AI model, designed to integrate various observational data and numerical models, aims to enhance the accuracy of space weather predictions by establishing a comprehensive monitoring system [14][16]. - The integration of AI in space weather forecasting allows for automatic identification of solar wind sources, improving the effectiveness of predictions and responses to solar events [17][19]. Group 4: Enhancing Satellite Protection - There is a growing emphasis on improving the protective capabilities of satellite systems against space weather impacts, with recommendations for incorporating AI technologies directly into satellite operations for autonomous decision-making [20][24]. - The design and operation of satellites must consider the effects of space weather from the outset, including radiation exposure and potential changes in orbital dynamics due to solar activity [22][24].

Core Viewpoint - The international meridian circle scientific program aims to enhance global monitoring and research of space weather, addressing the challenges posed by space weather phenomena that can adversely affect satellites, communication, navigation, and power systems [4][6]. Group 1: Space Weather Overview - Space weather refers to the short-term changes in the solar activity affecting the Earth’s space environment, recognized as the "fourth environment" beyond land, sea, and air [4]. - The adverse effects of space weather are a global phenomenon, presenting a common challenge for humanity [4]. Group 2: Significance of the Meridian Circle - The meridian circle spanning from 120 degrees East to 60 degrees West is unique due to its complete land coverage, allowing for a comprehensive ground-based observation network [5]. - This configuration enables continuous three-dimensional scanning of the space environment, facilitating day-and-night monitoring of space weather [5]. Group 3: Implementation of the International Program - The international meridian circle scientific program is set to last at least 11 years, aiming to create a platform for global scientific collaboration and participation [6]. - The program has already secured cooperation agreements with 36 international organizations and research institutions, establishing a strong foundation for its implementation [6]. - The initiative is expected to significantly advance human understanding of space weather and improve global capabilities in responding to space weather disasters [6].