F F F 2026 年 01 月 12 日 申万宏源研究微信服务 再议宏微观 "温差" ? — "月度前瞻"系列专题之六 一问：2025 年底经济的"温差"？ PMI 等宏观数据走强，但生产、消费等中观指标却走弱。 温差一：2025 年底反映生产的开工指标转弱，但制造业 PMI 超季节性回升。2025 年底，高炉开 工、PTA 开工、货运量等指标有所回落；制造业 PMI 在 12 月却回升 0.9 个百分点至 50.1%。从行 业来看，黑色压延、化学原料等传统行业 12 月 PMI 均有回落，与高炉、PTA 开工表现一致；但电 气机械、医药等新兴行业 PMI 有所回升，大类行业中高技术制造业、装备制造业 PMI 均有改善。 温差二：消费高频在 2025 年底进一步走低，但消费品行业 PMI 却回升至景气区间。2025 年四季 度以来，汽车、家电零售量呈现回落态势，12 月以来进一步下行。但整体消费品行业 PMI 在 12 月 有所回升、较前月上行 1 个百分点至 50.4%；表现较强的行业如纺织服装服饰业、PMI 回升 4.5 个 百分点至 57.5%。 温差三：映射投资的沥青开工率、水泥出货率等未有显著改 ...

Economic Concerns - Economic growth in the first half of 2025 remained high at 5.3% year-on-year, exceeding market expectations, primarily driven by strong exports and the "two new" policies boosting manufacturing investment and consumer goods [2][10] - Recent months have shown signs of economic concerns, particularly in the "two new" sectors, with retail sales growth declining to 3.7% in July due to factors like e-commerce promotions and a gap in national subsidies [2][10] - The real estate sector continues to drag on the economy, with credit financing for property companies falling to -15.8%, the lowest in two years, and construction area growth dropping significantly [2][17] Inflation and Price Transmission - The inflation performance in July was below market expectations, with PPI remaining low at -3.6%, attributed to the inability of upstream price increases to be transmitted downstream due to lower capacity utilization in midstream and downstream sectors [3][29] - The current capacity utilization rates are 76.7% for upstream, 74% for midstream, and 74.7% for downstream, indicating a blockage in price transmission from upstream to downstream [3][29] Service Sector Resilience - While manufacturing sector sentiment is declining, the service sector shows strong resilience, with service production index only slightly down to 5.8% in July [4][38] - Service retail sales for the first seven months of 2025 saw a minor decline of 0.1% year-on-year, indicating stable performance, with certain service categories like tourism and transportation experiencing double-digit growth [4][38] Policy Support for Services - Recent policies are increasingly favoring investments in the service sector, with loan interest subsidy policies expected to generate around 210 billion yuan in new credit for service sector entities [5][49] - The large-scale support phase for manufacturing investment appears to be over, with a shift in investment growth momentum towards the service sector anticipated [5][49] Export Performance - Current strong export performance is attributed to 70% stemming from improvements in external demand and market share, rather than the 30% related to short-term "export grabbing" factors [6][101] - In July, exports grew by 7.2% year-on-year, with significant contributions from exports to emerging economies and non-US developed countries, reflecting improved demand and market share recovery [6][101] - The potential for further increases in exports to emerging economies is supported by rising investment and demand in these regions, alongside China's growing import share in the Middle East and Africa [6][73]

Economic Concerns - Economic growth in the first half of 2025 remained high at 5.3% YoY, driven by strong exports and the "two new" sectors, but recent months have shown signs of weakness, particularly in retail sales which dropped to 3.7% in July [3][10][98] - The real estate sector continues to drag on the economy, with credit financing for property companies falling to -15.8%, the lowest in two years, and construction area growth declining significantly [3][17][98] - The decline in sales is evident, with new home prices in 70 cities showing negative month-on-month changes, and sales area and revenue down 7.8% and 14.1% YoY respectively [3][17][98] Price Transmission Issues - The current economic environment has led to difficulties in price transmission from upstream to downstream sectors, with midstream and downstream capacity utilization rates at 74% and 74.7%, respectively, compared to 76.7% for upstream [4][29][30] - Despite improvements in commodity prices due to "anti-involution" policies, the oversupply in midstream and downstream sectors continues to exert downward pressure on prices, with July's PPI remaining low at -3.6% [4][29][30] Service Sector Resilience - While manufacturing sector sentiment is declining, the service sector shows strong resilience, with service production index only slightly down to 5.8% in July [5][38][99] - Service retail sales for the first seven months of 2025 saw a minor decline of 0.1% YoY, with certain service categories like tourism and transportation maintaining double-digit growth [5][38][99] - High levels of travel activity are expected to support service consumption recovery, with projected railway passenger numbers for the summer reaching 953 million, a 5.8% increase YoY [5][44][99] Policy Support for Services - Recent policies are increasingly favoring investments in the service sector, with loan interest subsidy policies expected to generate around 210 billion in new credit for service providers [6][49][100] - The large-scale support for manufacturing investment appears to be tapering off, indicating a potential shift in investment momentum towards the service sector [6][49][100] Export Performance - China's export growth remains robust, with a 7.2% YoY increase in July, primarily driven by improvements in external demand and market share rather than short-term "export grabbing" [7][60][101] - The contribution of "export grabbing" to July's export figures is estimated to be around 2 percentage points, with significant growth in exports of production materials to emerging economies [7][60][101] - The outlook for exports remains positive, with potential for further growth driven by increased investment in emerging markets and improved import shares from regions like the Middle East and Africa [7][73][101]