美国中部农场主开着收割机一天耕完两千亩地，中国云南山区的老农牵着黄牛在梯田里忙碌。这两种画面背后，藏着西方经济学永远解不开的谜题。 黄宗智在《长江三角洲的小农家庭》中算过一笔账：明清时期种棉花的农民，投入180个工日才能收获相当于水稻数倍的产值。这种"投入翻十几倍，回报只 多几倍"的模式，被称作"内卷化陷阱"。西方经济学家舒尔茨曾断言"只要产权清晰，农业效率自然提升"，这套理论在中国撞得头破血流。 中国农业的特别之处从土地开始。美国家庭农场平均占地2700英亩，相当于1.6万亩。长江流域的农户祖祖辈辈守着5-10亩地。这就像让一个拎着菜刀的人 去和坦克比武，所谓的"比较优势"成了笑话。 更根本的差异在能量来源。英国经济史学家瑞格利指出，中国农业长期依赖"人畜力+农家肥"的有机循环，而西方早靠煤炭和化肥跳出了这个圈子。当哈佛 教授在黑板推演边际效益时，中国农民在算一亩地要施多少猪粪才能多收一斗谷。 1978年农村改革会议上，经济学家陈平写下万字长文《小农经济是中国动乱和贫穷的病根》。他发现"以粮为纲"本质是战时体制遗产——和平年代让农民死 守种粮，就像逼着飞鸟永远爬行。 江苏农民用脚投票给出答案。改革开放后他们 ...

Group 1 - The article discusses the challenges of discussing China's economic issues, highlighting that Chinese scholars are often labeled as representatives of Western capitalism due to the lack of a systematic Eastern economic theory [2] - It emphasizes that all economic theories, including those in natural and social sciences, are predominantly based on Western frameworks, suggesting a need to avoid politicizing and populating academic discourse [2][4] - The article argues that economic laws are universal and not bound by ideological positions, indicating that adherence to outdated economic practices, such as land finance in real estate, can lead to market failures [4][8] Group 2 - There is a call for the development of a distinct Chinese economic theory that can stand alongside Western theories, contributing to the global economic discourse [6] - The article questions whether existing Marxist economic teachings in China can evolve to be more relevant and applicable to contemporary economic practices, suggesting a need for modernization and adaptation [6] - It asserts that economic principles, such as supply and demand, are not influenced by cultural or ideological perspectives, reinforcing the idea that market dynamics will prevail regardless of theoretical frameworks [8]

Group 1 - The steel industry in China, despite low profitability, is considered a crucial pillar of the national economy, with a total output value of 81,300 billion and a profit of only 291 billion, resulting in a profit margin of 0.36% [2] - China's steel production capacity remains around 1.1 billion tons, accounting for over half of global production, with a shift towards high-end products essential for various infrastructure projects [3] - The transformation of the steel industry in China reflects a broader economic management strategy that prioritizes social stability and employment over short-term financial gains [5][14] Group 2 - The U.S. and European countries are facing challenges in their steel industries due to protectionist policies and a lack of long-term strategic planning, leading to job losses and decreased competitiveness [10][11][12] - Japan's acquisition of U.S. steel companies to avoid tariffs may compromise its technological independence and long-term competitiveness in the steel sector [13] - The contrasting approaches between China and Western countries highlight a fundamental difference in economic philosophies, with China focusing on human factors and social welfare rather than purely financial metrics [14]

Group 1 - The book titled "The Logic of China's Economic Development" critiques mainstream economics and its applicability to China, arguing that traditional Western economic theories fail to explain China's unique economic context [1][3] - The authors emphasize that their understanding of China's economy has been a long-term process, reflecting on its distinctiveness and deep logic, which has remained relevant despite changing circumstances over the past five years [3][4] - The emergence of new concepts such as "high-quality development" and "Chinese-style modernization" has been integrated into the authors' existing theoretical framework without significant modifications, indicating the robustness of their analysis [4] Group 2 - The authors acknowledge the unforeseen global changes, particularly the advancements in artificial intelligence, which are expected to revolutionize various sectors, including intellectual labor [4][5] - The book is positioned as a "cross-era" work, anticipating that future literature will be heavily influenced by AI, enhancing the ability to observe, understand, and predict complex phenomena, including the Chinese economy [5] - The publication process involved contributions from various academic and research institutions, highlighting a collaborative effort in refining the book's content [5]

Core Viewpoint - The article discusses the challenges faced by Western economic theories in explaining the complexities of economic development, particularly in the context of China's unique economic landscape and the need for a distinct Chinese economic theory [1][3][9]. Group 1: Challenges of Western Economic Theories - Western economic theories have increasingly struggled to address fundamental issues of economic development, leading to a crisis in their explanatory power [3][4]. - The inherent bias in Western analytical paradigms tends to overlook critical variables such as large-scale economies and unified markets, which are essential for understanding the Chinese economic context [4][10]. - The simplification of complex economic issues into linear relationships has exacerbated the difficulties faced by traditional Western economic theories in explaining real-world phenomena [4][7]. Group 2: Limitations in Understanding China's Economy - Western mainstream economics has not effectively adapted to the unique characteristics of the Chinese economy, leading to a credibility crisis in its theoretical applicability [9][10]. - The lack of localization and adaptation of Western economic theories to the Chinese context has resulted in significant gaps in understanding the dynamics of China's socialist market economy [9][10]. - Key variables that are crucial for understanding China's economic growth, such as its vast market size and cultural factors, have been largely ignored by Western economic theories, leading to a persistent explanatory crisis [10][11]. Group 3: The Need for a Chinese Economic Theory - There is a growing movement within the Chinese academic community to establish an autonomous knowledge system for economics that is rooted in China's development and reform practices [1][12]. - The construction of a new economic theory should be based on the successful practices of Chinese modernization, aiming to break free from the ideological biases of Western economics [12][13]. - A systematic approach to developing a new economic terminology and framework is essential for accurately reflecting the realities of the Chinese economy and its unique characteristics [13].