研究团队创新性地以犬为模型，系统阐释衰老及相关认知障碍的分子机制，不仅推动了犬作为人类AD转化 模型的应用，也为解析AD机制提供了关键依据。通过系统解析认知障碍犬模型中胶质细胞在生理衰老与 CCD病理状态下的差异，研究团队为犬认知障碍的早期干预提供了理论基础，并为区分年龄相关认知衰退 与CCD特异性病理进程提供了依据。 近日，中国科学院院士、江西农业大学猪遗传改良与种质创新全国重点实验室黄路生团队系统研究了健康 衰老与老年痴呆认知障碍犬的脑细胞转录组，揭示了认知障碍犬中小胶质细胞C1QA与神经元CRT互作介导 突触损伤的新机制。相关研究成果发表于学术期刊《国家科学评论》上。 截至2024年统计数据显示，全球阿尔茨海默病（AD）患者人数已逾5500万。我国目前AD患者约983万，平 均每10位65岁的老年人中就有1人患病。 研究成果有望为老年痴呆早期诊断提供潜在分子标志物，并为其发病机制解析提供重要细胞机制参考。 （文章来源：科技日报） ...

Core Viewpoint - The research highlights that Alzheimer's disease (AD) is not solely characterized by the accumulation of amyloid-beta (Aβ) plaques and tau tangles, but also involves a disruption in communication between neurons and glial cells, particularly astrocytes and microglia, which is crucial for disease progression [2][3][5]. Group 1: Research Findings - The study published in Cell provides a comprehensive view of how brain cells interact in Alzheimer's patients, revealing that the disruption of information exchange between neurons and glial cells is closely related to the development of AD [3][5]. - A protein named AHNAK has been identified as a key driver protein in the disrupted protein networks associated with Alzheimer's disease, suggesting a new avenue for innovative treatment strategies [3][9]. - The research team conducted deep proteomic analysis on the parahippocampal gyrus (PHG) of 198 deceased Alzheimer's patients, mild cognitive impairment (MCI) patients, and normal controls to understand molecular dysregulation in AD [6][7]. Group 2: Key Protein Networks - The analysis revealed over 300 key driver proteins (KDPs) that play significant roles in triggering or accelerating Alzheimer's disease, with AHNAK being one of the most prominent proteins found in astrocytes [8][11]. - The study indicates that in Alzheimer's disease, the balance between neurons and glial cells is disrupted, leading to hyperactivity of glial cells and diminished neuronal function, which correlates with increased inflammation [8][11]. - Different biological factors, such as sex and genetic background, can influence the expression of these protein networks, with carriers of the APOE4 gene showing distinct patterns of protein network disruption compared to non-carriers [11].

Core Insights - The prevalence of Alzheimer's disease among individuals aged 60 and above in China exceeds 5%, and it reaches as high as 30% in those aged 85 and above [1] - Genetic factors play a significant role in Alzheimer's disease, with 5%-10% of cases being hereditary [1] - The presence of pathogenic genes such as APP, PS1, and PS2 indicates a high likelihood (over 95%) of developing Alzheimer's, often at an early age [1] - Risk genes like APOEε4 increase the probability of developing the disease but have a lower chance of being inherited [1] Genetic Testing and Early Detection - It is recommended for children of parents with Alzheimer's to undergo genetic testing to determine the presence of pathogenic or risk genes [2] - Early diagnosis through methods like PET scans and cerebrospinal fluid tests can help in timely intervention with antibody drugs to slow disease progression [2] Prevention Strategies - Prevention of Alzheimer's should begin early in life, emphasizing the importance of good learning habits and cognitive engagement from youth [2] - Building cognitive reserves throughout life is crucial for effectively preventing neurodegenerative diseases [2]

撰文丨王聪 编辑丨王多鱼 排版丨水成文 最近几十年来，随着塑料制品的广泛使用，环境中的 纳米 塑料/纳米塑料 （ NMP） 变得无处不在。更重要的是，越来越多的研究显示，这些纳米塑料/微塑料会 通过饮用水、食物甚至呼吸的空气进入人类，并在人体内积累，科学家们已经在 肺 、 肾脏 、 肝脏 、 生殖系统 ，甚至是 大脑 中发现了纳米 塑料/微塑料的存 在。 这些纳米 塑料/微塑料 是否对人体有害？ 科学家们正在努力揭示它们对人体健康的影响。 近日， 美国罗德岛大学的研究人员在 Environmental Research Communications 期刊发表了题为： Short-term exposure to polystyrene microplastics alters cognition, immune, and metabolic markers in an apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype and sex-dependent manner 的研究论文。 该研究显示， 聚苯乙纳米塑料/微塑料 （PS-NMP） 能够在大脑中积累并导致认知能力下降，甚至引发 阿尔茨海默病 ...

Core Insights - Alzheimer's disease, often referred to as "the eraser in the brain," poses a significant threat to the health of many elderly individuals, with early symptoms frequently overlooked [1][2] - The disease is characterized by gradual cognitive decline, primarily manifesting as memory loss, language difficulties, impaired judgment, and emotional fluctuations [2] Summary by Categories Disease Overview - Alzheimer's disease is the most common type of dementia in the elderly, leading to a decline in cognitive functions [2] - Key pathological changes include the accumulation of beta-amyloid protein (Aβ) outside brain cells, leading to cognitive decline [2] Early Identification - Early screening and diagnosis are crucial for Alzheimer's patients [3] - Symptoms to monitor include: - Memory issues, such as significant forgetfulness and difficulty learning new information [3][4] - Decline in executive function, leading to decreased efficiency and poor planning [7][9] - Language difficulties, including reduced vocabulary and trouble following conversations [10][12] - Spatial orientation problems, such as getting lost in familiar places [15][17] - Emotional and behavioral changes, including depression, anxiety, and increased suspicion [19][21] - Decline in daily living skills, requiring reminders and assistance with self-care [24][28] Prevention Strategies - Recommendations for prevention vary by age group: - Adolescents should focus on improving education levels [29] - Middle-aged individuals should manage hypertension, reduce harmful drinking, and maintain a healthy weight [29] - Elderly individuals should quit smoking, manage depression, increase social interactions, and engage in physical exercise [30] - Establishing a healthy lifestyle is essential, with high-risk individuals advised to undergo annual cognitive function screenings, especially those over 65 [31]

Core Viewpoint - Alzheimer's disease remains a significant global health challenge, with no definitive cure, and the focus is on symptom management and disease progression delay [5][6][10]. Group 1: Disease Overview - Alzheimer's disease is a common form of dementia, accounting for 60% to 70% of cases, with approximately 57 million people affected globally as of 2021 [3][6]. - The disease is the fifth leading cause of death worldwide, with nearly 10 million new cases each year [3][6]. - In China, around 16.99 million elderly individuals are affected, representing about one-quarter of global cases [3]. Group 2: Research and Development Challenges - The exact mechanisms behind Alzheimer's disease remain unclear, leading to a high failure rate in drug development, with a 99% failure rate reported in this field [6][7]. - From 2000 to 2017, over $600 billion was invested in Alzheimer's drug research, but most projects were halted due to ineffective clinical trials or safety concerns [6][7]. - Despite challenges, at least 10 drugs have been approved since 1996, which can delay early disease progression but do not stop neurodegeneration [7]. Group 3: Treatment Approaches - Treatment has evolved from supportive care to symptom improvement and now includes interventions aimed at disease mechanisms [7][10]. - New therapies such as immunotherapy and gene intervention require long-term clinical validation for safety [7][10]. - Current treatment options are limited, with some approved drugs not covered by insurance in China, leading to high out-of-pocket costs for patients [10]. Group 4: Prevention and Early Detection - Experts emphasize the importance of healthy living and early diagnosis as key strategies to reduce risk and delay disease progression [11][12]. - Recognizing early symptoms, such as memory loss and changes in behavior, can significantly improve treatment outcomes [12][15]. - Lifestyle recommendations include a diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and omega-3 fatty acids, regular aerobic exercise, and ensuring quality sleep [13][14].

Core Viewpoint - Alzheimer's disease is the most common type of cognitive impairment in the elderly, requiring scientific intervention for better quality of life [4][5]. Group 1: Understanding Alzheimer's Disease - Alzheimer's disease is a neurodegenerative condition, distinct from normal age-related forgetfulness, which is physiological [9][12]. - Early signs of Alzheimer's include repetitive questioning and loss of basic time and place recognition [10][11]. - Approximately 5% to 10% of Alzheimer's patients may exhibit symptoms before the age of 65, known as early-onset Alzheimer's, which progresses more rapidly [14][15]. Group 2: Misconceptions about Alzheimer's Disease - Only 5% to 10% of Alzheimer's cases are hereditary, with most linked to lifestyle factors [19][20]. - Regular cognitive assessments starting at age 40 can help in early intervention, even for those with a family history [22]. Group 3: Dietary and Lifestyle Recommendations - There is no high-quality evidence supporting the efficacy of brain health supplements in delaying Alzheimer's progression; instead, a balanced diet with nuts and green tea is recommended [27][28][29]. - Different types of dementia require distinct treatment strategies, necessitating accurate diagnosis through advanced imaging and psychological assessments [34][35]. Group 4: Traditional Chinese Medicine Approaches - Traditional Chinese medicine emphasizes nourishing the kidneys and improving blood circulation for brain health, suggesting dietary practices and acupressure techniques [39][43]. - Specific recipes and herbal teas are recommended for cognitive support, tailored to individual health conditions [41][45].

Core Viewpoint - The article emphasizes the importance of early prevention and treatment of Alzheimer's disease, highlighting its growing prevalence in China due to an aging population, with approximately 10 million patients aged 60 and above [1]. Symptoms and Diagnosis - Alzheimer's disease primarily manifests through memory decline, language difficulties, impaired judgment, and emotional fluctuations, which can severely affect daily living abilities [1]. - Distinguishing between normal age-related forgetfulness and early Alzheimer's requires a systematic cognitive function evaluation [3]. - Early signs of Alzheimer's include significant memory loss, repetitive questioning, and changes in personality, necessitating prompt medical consultation [5]. Types of Alzheimer's Disease - Most Alzheimer's patients are over 65, but early-onset cases can occur in individuals in their 50s or younger [5]. - Cognitive impairment can stem from various causes, including neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's and vascular dementia due to blood supply issues [5]. Brain Atrophy - Brain atrophy does not necessarily indicate Alzheimer's; it can be a normal physiological change with age [6]. - Distinctions between Alzheimer's-related atrophy and normal aging include the affected brain regions and the rate of atrophy progression [9]. Prevention Strategies - There are currently no specific drugs for Alzheimer's, and treatment focuses on symptom management and disease progression delay [11]. - Preventive measures include maintaining a healthy lifestyle, such as weight control, regular exercise, and a balanced diet, along with social engagement and managing cardiovascular health [11]. Mediterranean Diet - Recent studies suggest that the Mediterranean diet may reduce the risk of developing Alzheimer's, particularly in genetically predisposed individuals [13]. - The Mediterranean diet emphasizes high intake of plant-based foods, healthy fats, moderate fish consumption, and limited red meat, which may help protect brain health [15]. - The diet's benefits are attributed to its ability to reduce brain inflammation, oxidative stress, and vascular damage [17].

今天(9月21日)是世界阿尔茨海默病日 阿尔茨海默病有哪些症状？ 阿尔茨海默病主要表现为记忆力减退、语言表达困难、判断力下降、情绪波动等症状，严重时会导 致患者丧失日常生活自理能力。专家介绍，判断是否患有阿尔茨海默病，需要结合系统的认知功能评 价。如果老年人出现记忆力下降，一般来说有两种可能性，一是随着年龄增长所导致的良性健忘，二是 阿尔茨海默病的早期。 首都医科大学宣武医院主任医师唐毅介绍，老年人的良性健忘，主要表现为忘细节、记大事。比如 忘记要买菜的菜名，但是还记得买菜这件事，经过提醒后也能够想起来。而阿尔茨海默病早期的遗忘， 往往更为显著，比如刚说过的话就忘，一天重复问同一个问题，家属提醒之后也想不起来。同时性格变 得淡漠或者急躁，熟悉的家务也经常出错，说话变得词不达意，如果同时出现这些表现，就要高度怀疑 是阿尔茨海默病的早期，尽早到医院就诊。 早发型阿尔茨海默病如何辨别？ 北京大学第一医院神经心理测评师 王婷：认知症是一个大类，我们常说占比最多的是阿尔茨海默 病，是神经变性病导致的，因为β-淀粉样蛋白沉积。还有一部分是血管性的痴呆，是非变性病的，因为 一次脑血管病、脑梗或者脑出血导致的，供血不足导致记 ...

Core Viewpoint - The research highlights the significant role of the ABCA7 gene in Alzheimer's disease risk, particularly through its rare functional loss mutations and their impact on phosphatidylcholine metabolism and mitochondrial function in neurons [3][4][10]. Group 1: Genetic Risk Factors - APOE4 is identified as the strongest genetic risk factor for Alzheimer's disease, increasing the risk by 3 times with one copy and 8-12 times with two copies [3]. - ABCA7 gene mutations, particularly those causing functional loss, double the risk of developing Alzheimer's compared to non-carriers [3]. Group 2: Mechanisms of ABCA7 - ABCA7 protein is crucial for lipid transport and maintaining membrane asymmetry in the brain, with its dysfunction linked to amyloid protein deposition and increased neuroinflammation [6]. - The study utilized brain tissue samples from the ROSMAP study, focusing on 12 patients with ABCA7 functional loss mutations to explore the genetic impact on Alzheimer's risk [6][7]. Group 3: Cellular Impact and Interventions - Single-nucleus RNA sequencing revealed extensive gene expression changes in various neuronal cell types associated with ABCA7 mutations, affecting lipid metabolism and mitochondrial function [7]. - Supplementation with cytidine diphosphate-choline (CDP-choline) was shown to reverse the negative effects of ABCA7 mutations on neurons, restoring mitochondrial function and reducing oxidative stress [8][10].