本文转自【央视财经】； 一勺热汤、一杯烫茶、一碟腌菜，这些看似平常的饮食，可能正在悄悄损伤您的食管。中国是全球食管 癌患病人数与死亡人数最多的国家，那么食管癌究竟是一种什么疾病，有哪些习惯是主要元凶？ 复旦大学附属肿瘤医院胸部肿瘤多学科团队首席专家 陈海泉：颈部有食管，胸部有食管，腹腔里也有 食管，所以它横跨了身体的三个区域。食管癌是一个地区高发性的恶性肿瘤。中国食管癌每年的发病 率，都占全世界的50%以上。 在我国，食管癌的性别和地域差异很大。 从性别来看，男性食管癌患病率远高于女性； 高发区主要集中在太行山脉附近区域，如：河南、河北、山西等地，以及江苏苏北、广东汕头、福建闽 南等地。 专家指出，食管癌作为我国高发的消化道恶性肿瘤之一，最大的威胁在于早期往往没有典型症状。当患 者感到吞咽不适或出现梗阻感时，病情大多已进展到中晚期。因此，早发现、早诊断、早治疗至关重 要。 复旦大学附属肿瘤医院胸部肿瘤多学科团队首席专家 陈海泉：在非常早期的情况下，食管癌没有症 状。如果有症状，大部分都是进展期。我非常推荐做内窥镜筛查，做筛查能查出非常早期的情况，就不 需要做大手术。 警惕"烫"出来的癌症！ 为什么特定区域和人 ...

Core Viewpoint - A shocking incident occurred in a tumor hospital in Zhengzhou, Henan, where all 11 patients examined in one morning were diagnosed with late-stage esophageal cancer, highlighting the alarming prevalence of this disease in the region [1][3]. Group 1: Esophageal Cancer Diagnosis and Statistics - The late-stage diagnosis of esophageal cancer in 11 patients indicates that 7 to 8 of them may not survive beyond five years, which is a significant concern for healthcare professionals [3]. - Esophageal cancer is one of the top ten cancers globally, with its occurrence closely linked to poor dietary habits [5]. Group 2: Risk Factors and Lifestyle Habits - Research indicates that individuals who habitually consume hot and quickly eaten food have nearly four times the risk of developing esophageal squamous cell carcinoma compared to those who eat at moderate temperatures and chew their food thoroughly [6]. - Consuming excessively salty foods and pickled vegetables, which contain nitrites, also increases the risk of esophageal cancer [8]. - Rapid eating habits can lead to esophageal injuries, and insufficient chewing may cause damage to the esophageal mucosa, further elevating cancer risk [9]. Group 3: High-Risk Groups and Symptoms - The risk of esophageal cancer significantly increases after the age of 40, making this demographic particularly vulnerable [11]. - Emotional distress, such as chronic anger or anxiety, can cause chronic damage to the esophagus, thereby increasing cancer risk [12]. - Early warning signs of esophageal cancer include a sensation of a foreign body in the esophagus, difficulty swallowing, and chest pain, which may be mistaken for other conditions [13][14]. Group 4: Importance of Early Detection - Early detection of esophageal cancer can lead to better treatment outcomes, yet many patients only seek medical attention after experiencing significant swallowing difficulties, often indicating advanced stages of the disease [17].

Core Viewpoint - A shocking incident occurred in a tumor hospital in Zhengzhou, Henan, where all 11 patients examined in one morning were diagnosed with late-stage esophageal cancer, highlighting the severe health risks associated with certain dietary habits [1][3]. Group 1: Health Risks and Dietary Habits - The late-stage diagnosis of esophageal cancer in 11 patients indicates that 7-8 of them may not survive beyond five years, emphasizing the gravity of the situation [3]. - Doctors warn against consuming excessively hot food, high-salt diets, and "heavy-flavored" foods, as these can lead to serious damage to the esophagus [3]. - Research indicates that individuals who habitually eat hot and fast food have nearly four times the risk of developing esophageal squamous cell carcinoma compared to those who eat at moderate temperatures and chew their food thoroughly [5]. Group 2: Symptoms and Early Detection - Early symptoms of esophageal cancer include a sensation of a foreign body in the esophagus and difficulty swallowing, which may progress to issues with even liquid foods [12][15]. - Patients may experience chest pain behind the sternum, which can be related to eating, and persistent hoarseness if the cancer compresses the recurrent laryngeal nerve [13][14]. - It is crucial for individuals to seek medical attention promptly if they experience symptoms such as difficulty swallowing, chest discomfort, or unexplained weight loss, as early detection significantly improves treatment outcomes [16]. Group 3: High-Risk Groups and Lifestyle Factors - Individuals over the age of 40 are at a higher risk for developing esophageal cancer, indicating a need for increased awareness and screening in this demographic [10]. - Lifestyle factors such as excessive smoking and drinking are significant contributors to the risk of esophageal cancer, with heavy drinkers facing a greatly increased likelihood of developing the disease [9]. - Emotional stress and chronic anxiety can also contribute to esophageal damage, further elevating cancer risk [11].

Core Insights - Approximately 3.5 billion people are affected by oral health issues, which pose a significant public health challenge, particularly in underdeveloped regions [2] - Poor oral health is increasingly linked to a higher risk of esophageal cancer (EC), which includes two main pathological subtypes: esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), leading to around 445,000 deaths annually [2] - The oral microbiome plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of esophageal cancer, yet its exact mechanisms remain to be fully understood [2] Research Findings - A study published in Cell Reports Medicine by researchers from Fudan University mapped the oral microbiome landscape and its interplay with poor oral health in the risk of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma [3][4] - The research analyzed metagenomic sequencing data from 390 pairs of ESCC case-control samples and 206 pairs of newly diagnosed EC case-control samples [6] - The study identified changes in 50 bacterial species in ESCC, such as an increase in Porphyromonas catoniae and a decrease in Campylobacter rectus, along with disruptions in 54 biochemical pathways [6] - The association between poor oral health and ESCC risk was more pronounced in populations with lower levels of Streptococcus mitis, indicating a potential link to thiamine recycling and energy metabolism pathways [6][8] Implications - The findings underscore the potential for targeted interventions on the oral microbiome to improve oral health and prevent or treat esophageal squamous cell carcinoma [10]

Core Viewpoint - The article discusses the high prevalence of esophageal cancer in China, attributing it to dietary habits and lifestyle choices, and emphasizes the importance of early detection and screening for high-risk populations [3][5][27]. Group 1: Esophageal Cancer Prevalence - China accounts for over half of the global esophageal cancer cases, with more than 75% of the world's patients located in Asia [7][9]. - The incidence rate of esophageal cancer in China is approximately 38.37 cases per 100,000 people, with a significantly higher rate in men at 56.20 cases per 100,000 [9][11]. - Rural areas in China exhibit a higher incidence and mortality rate of esophageal cancer, approximately double that of urban areas [11][12]. Group 2: Risk Factors - Major risk factors for esophageal cancer include smoking, alcohol consumption, and dietary habits such as high-temperature and spicy food consumption [19][22]. - A study indicates that individuals with "hot food" and "spicy food" eating habits have a 1.9 times and 1.5 times higher risk of developing esophageal cancer, respectively [23][25]. - The consumption of pickled foods, which are prevalent in high-incidence regions, is linked to increased cancer risk due to high salt content and the presence of carcinogenic substances [25][26]. Group 3: Survival Rates and Detection - The five-year survival rate for esophageal cancer in China is only 28.8%, significantly lower than that of other cancers like gastric and colorectal cancer [28][31]. - Early detection is crucial, as many patients do not seek medical attention until the disease is advanced, making timely diagnosis and treatment challenging [32][33]. - Regular endoscopic screenings are recommended for high-risk individuals, particularly those over 45 years old or with a family history of esophageal cancer [33][36].

Core Viewpoint - China accounts for half of the global esophageal cancer cases, with a significant burden due to dietary habits and lifestyle choices [6][11][12]. Group 1: Esophageal Cancer Overview - Esophageal cancer originates from the epithelial lining of the esophagus and is one of the most common digestive tract malignancies in China, ranking sixth in incidence and fourth in mortality among all cancers [7][9]. - In 2021, there were approximately 1 million esophageal cancer patients worldwide, with over 75% located in Asia, and China having the highest number of cases and deaths [11]. - The incidence rate in China is 38.37 per 100,000, with men being nearly three times more likely to be affected than women [15]. Group 2: Regional and Demographic Disparities - Rural areas in China have a significantly higher incidence and mortality rate of esophageal cancer, approximately double that of urban areas [17]. - High-risk regions include areas near the Taihang Mountains and parts of Jiangsu, Sichuan, and Guangdong, with Jiangsu having the highest standardized mortality rate at 21.62 per 100,000 [21][12]. Group 3: Dietary and Lifestyle Factors - Major risk factors for esophageal cancer include smoking, alcohol consumption, and poor nutrition, with specific dietary habits such as consuming hot and spicy foods linked to higher incidence rates [23][25]. - Studies indicate that individuals with habits of consuming hot foods and spicy diets have a 1.9 times and 1.5 times higher risk of developing esophageal cancer, respectively [28]. - The consumption of pickled foods, which are prevalent in high-incidence regions, is associated with increased cancer risk due to high salt content and the presence of carcinogenic substances like nitrosamines [29][30]. Group 4: Survival Rates and Early Detection - The five-year survival rate for esophageal cancer in China is only 28.8%, significantly lower than other cancers, primarily due to late diagnosis [32][36]. - Early detection through endoscopic screening can dramatically improve survival rates, with a reported 90% five-year survival rate for early-stage patients [39][40]. - The National Health Commission recommends regular screenings for high-risk populations, particularly those over 45 years old or with a family history of the disease [40].

Core Viewpoint - The article discusses the high prevalence of esophageal cancer in China, attributing it to dietary habits, particularly the consumption of hot and spicy foods, as well as the impact of lifestyle choices such as smoking and alcohol consumption. Group 1: Esophageal Cancer Prevalence - China accounts for over half of the global esophageal cancer cases, with more than 90% being squamous cell carcinoma [10][8] - The incidence and mortality rates of esophageal cancer in China rank sixth and fourth among all malignancies, respectively [7][9] - In 2021, the incidence rate in China was 38.37 per 100,000, with men being nearly three times more likely to be affected than women [15][10] Group 2: Regional and Demographic Disparities - Rural areas in China have a significantly higher incidence and mortality rate of esophageal cancer, approximately double that of urban areas [18][14] - High-risk regions include areas around the Taihang Mountains and parts of Jiangsu, Sichuan, and Guangdong [19][20] - The standardized mortality rate is highest in Jiangsu at 21.62 per 100,000, followed by Sichuan and Henan [21][20] Group 3: Dietary and Lifestyle Factors - Major risk factors for esophageal cancer include smoking, alcohol consumption, and poor nutritional intake [24][27] - Hot and spicy food consumption is linked to higher cancer risk, with studies indicating that individuals with these dietary habits have a 1.9 times higher risk [31][29] - The World Health Organization classifies beverages above 65°C as a potential carcinogen, with common Chinese foods often exceeding this temperature [30][9] Group 4: Survival Rates and Detection Challenges - The five-year survival rate for esophageal cancer in China is only 28.8%, significantly lower than other cancers [41][44] - Early detection is challenging due to the asymptomatic nature of early-stage esophageal cancer, leading to late diagnoses [45][41] - Recommendations for screening include endoscopic examinations for high-risk individuals aged 45 and above [47][41]

Core Viewpoint - The article discusses the health risks associated with consuming hot food and beverages, particularly the increased risk of esophageal cancer due to long-term habits of eating and drinking at high temperatures [1][3]. Group 1: Risks of Hot Food and Beverages - Regular consumption of very hot food and drinks can lead to repeated burns of the esophageal mucosa, increasing the risk of cancer [4][6]. - The World Health Organization classifies beverages above 65°C as a Group 2A carcinogen, indicating a potential cancer risk [6]. Group 2: Dietary Habits Contributing to Esophageal Cancer - Heavy seasoning and consumption of pickled foods, which contain nitrites, can elevate the risk of esophageal cancer [7][9]. - Eating too quickly can cause injuries to the esophagus, as food may not be chewed properly, leading to potential mucosal damage [9][10]. - Smoking and excessive alcohol consumption are significant contributors to esophageal cancer risk, as both substances can harm the esophageal lining [10][12]. Group 3: Symptoms Indicating Potential Esophageal Cancer - Early symptoms of esophageal cancer may include a sensation of a foreign body in the throat, which can occur regardless of eating [13]. - Difficulty swallowing solid foods can progress to challenges with liquids, indicating worsening conditions [14]. - Pain behind the sternum may occur, particularly related to eating, and should be differentiated from other conditions like coronary heart disease [16]. - Persistent hoarseness may arise if the cancer compresses the recurrent laryngeal nerve [17]. Group 4: High-Risk Groups and Screening Recommendations - Individuals aged 45 and older, especially those with a family history of esophageal cancer or specific lifestyle habits, are considered high-risk and should undergo regular screenings [19][21]. - Initial endoscopic examinations should be followed up based on findings, with intervals ranging from one to five years depending on the results [21].