（来源：经济日报） 钱币名称有来历，形态也有讲究。圜钱其实有方孔圆钱和圆孔圆钱两种，为什么选了方孔圆钱？有说法 称，既是因为方、圆美观大方，也因为其对应着天圆地方的宇宙观和天命皇权的政治思想。还有一种更 务实的观点：将钱串在方形长棍上就可以加工边缘，方便制作，若串在圆孔上则会打转。 如今年轻人爱在包上悬挂玩偶、徽章以彰显个性，钱币在古代同样是时尚单品，设计充满审美巧 思。"王莽建立的新朝的钱币非常有特色。"中国钱币博物馆助理研究员岳爽举例，"比如一刀平五千， 就将圆形方孔钱与刀币结合起来。为了提高货币价值和接受度，还采用错金技术将黄金嵌入其中，形成 金光闪闪的'一刀'两个字，因而得名'金错刀'。" "元宝"在国人脑海里有着出奇统一的形象，这个词在唐朝已经出现；元朝正式把金银称为元宝，含意直 接——元朝之宝。 转自：经济日报 "宝贝"为何代表珍贵？钱币也会"溜肩膀"吗？元宝的本意竟是"元朝之宝"？五十两重的银锭为何铸成船 形？古代纸币也像人民币一样用棉花制造吗？这些问题的答案，都指向同一个主题——钱。 在北京西交民巷，坐落着一座以"钱"为主题的博物馆。这里曾是清末至民国中前期的金融中心，如今则 成为钱币文化的展 ...

原始交换与权力象征的萌芽 在"钱"这个概念诞生之前,先民的世界里,"交易"源于最朴素的以物易物。一头羊换几把石斧,一袋谷物换 几尺麻布。然而,这种直接交换受制于强烈的需求双重巧合,效率低下。于是,一种被普遍渴求、便于携 带、不易腐坏的中介物——原始货币,应运而生。在世界各地,羽毛、牲畜、玉石、盐巴都曾扮演这一角 色。而在华夏大地,登上历史舞台的第一位主角,是来自遥远海洋的馈赠——海贝。 对于生活在内陆黄河、长江流域的先民而言,一枚光润坚硬的咸水贝壳,是稀罕且珍贵的。《史记·平准 书》记载:"农工商交易之路通,而龟贝金钱刀布之币兴焉……虞夏之币,金为三品,或黄,或白,或赤；或钱, 或布,或刀,或龟贝。"考古发现证实,在夏商时期的墓葬中,海贝常作为重要陪葬品出现,且出现了以骨、 石、玉乃至青铜精心仿制的"仿贝"。这清晰地表明,贝已超越装饰品的功能,成为衡量财富、进行大宗交 换的公认尺度。 海贝的印记如此深刻,以至于永久地镌刻在我们的文字基因里。今日所有与财富、交易、馈赠相关的汉 字,如"财""货""贩""购""贷""赠""赏"等,皆从"贝"部。一个文字化石,凝固了三千年前的经济记忆。商代, 随着青铜冶炼技术登峰造 ...

Core Viewpoint - The financial system during the Song Dynasty was primarily government-led and closely tied to the fiscal framework, with local governments playing significant financial roles [1] Group 1: Government Financial Structure - The Song Dynasty's financial management was characterized by a detailed and strengthened bureaucratic system, particularly the Ministry of Revenue, which was responsible for economic and financial operations [2] - The Ministry of Revenue, initially known as the "Three Departments," was responsible for managing national finances, including taxation and resource allocation [2] - The financial functions of the Ministry of Revenue included managing household registrations, tax records, and state resources, indicating a comprehensive financial oversight [2] Group 2: Financial Institutions and Functions - The Tai Fu Si, under the Ministry of Revenue, served as a central treasury and included various financial departments responsible for currency management and trade regulation [3] - Key financial departments included the Market Regulation Office, which managed trade goods and currency exchange, and the Currency Exchange Office, which handled the issuance and management of paper currency [3][4] - The official pawnshop department provided loans against collateral, contributing to government revenue through interest [4] Group 3: Local Government Financial Roles - Local governments in the Song Dynasty also had financial functions, implementing central financial policies and establishing local financial institutions to enhance efficiency [5] - Various local offices were responsible for managing agricultural resources, tax collection, and temporary loans, indicating a decentralized approach to financial management [5][6] - The issuance of paper currency and financial instruments was initially localized, with regional offices managing their operations before centralization occurred [6]

Group 1 - The essence of deflation is a decrease in money supply or a slowdown in circulation speed, leading to insufficient total demand and a general, persistent decline in prices [2] - Historical descriptions of deflation in ancient China highlight the negative impact on farmers, with phrases like "物贱伤农" indicating that low agricultural prices harm farmers' income [3] - The phenomenon of "钱少物贱" illustrates the insufficient circulation of currency, resulting in difficulties in selling goods and continuous price drops, ultimately leading to a contraction in trade [3][4] Group 2 - During the Qin and Han dynasties, the economic model was relatively simple, but deflation was closely linked to the rise and fall of the dynasty, with historical records indicating a mismatch between agricultural production and currency circulation [6] - The Tang and Song dynasties faced severe challenges in their currency systems, with the demand for money increasing due to economic prosperity, yet the supply of copper coins was insufficient, leading to a "money shortage" [8] - The Ming and Qing dynasties transitioned to a silver-based currency system, which introduced new deflation risks, particularly when international silver supply fluctuated, impacting the domestic economy [9][10] Group 3 - Historical cases of deflation in ancient China reveal the vulnerability and instability of the currency supply, which can lead to economic stagnation or collapse when supply issues arise [12] - The fluctuation of agricultural prices is not only an economic issue but also a political one, as low prices can lead to social unrest and potentially the downfall of dynasties [12] - Government responses to deflation, such as issuing paper money or adjusting tax structures, often lacked effective theoretical guidance and credit support, resulting in limited success [12][13]

Core Insights - The article highlights the success of theme parks in Henan, particularly Kaifeng, during the National Day holiday, showcasing their innovative approach to immersive experiences and storytelling [2][25]. Group 1: Visitor Statistics and Revenue - During the National Day holiday, Kaifeng's Qingming Riverside Garden received 793,600 visitors, generating a total revenue of 94 million yuan. Nearby Wansui Mountain Martial Arts City attracted 773,000 visitors with a revenue of 69 million yuan, while Zhengzhou's "Only Henan · Drama Fantasy City" earned 81.41 million yuan, totaling 240 million yuan across the three parks over eight days [2][23]. - The parks have seen significant growth in visitor numbers, with Wansui Mountain's attendance increasing tenfold compared to ten years ago [25]. Group 2: Unique Experience and Engagement - The parks offer a unique interactive experience where visitors can engage with NPCs (non-player characters) to earn currency (Jiaozi in Qingming Riverside Garden and silver tickets in Wansui Mountain) that can be used for various activities within the parks [16][14]. - The immersive performances, such as "The Battle of Tokyo" and "Yue Fei's Challenge," provide a level of engagement that surpasses traditional theme park experiences, creating a sense of realism and excitement [8][9]. Group 3: Innovative Business Model - The parks operate on a lower-cost model compared to traditional theme parks like Disney, relying on live performances and NPC interactions rather than expensive rides and attractions [18][17]. - The operational costs are significantly reduced, with Qingming Riverside Garden's initial fixed asset investment being only 1 billion yuan, while maintaining profitability through a high volume of visitors and diverse revenue streams [23][24]. Group 4: Cultural Relevance and Popularity - The success of these parks reflects a shift in public interest towards culturally immersive experiences that resonate with local history and folklore, moving away from conventional tourist attractions [25][30]. - The rise of social media influencers and viral content related to the parks has contributed to their popularity, with characters like the "Kaifeng Wang Po" becoming local celebrities and driving visitor engagement [29][30].

Group 1 - The article discusses the historical significance of copper as a currency in China, highlighting its early use and the cultural implications associated with it [1][3] - Copper was once considered a valuable currency in ancient China, especially during the Song, Yuan, and Ming dynasties, where it was in high demand both domestically and internationally [3][5] - The term "copper smell" refers to the negative connotation associated with greed and lack of morals, which has historically been linked to the pursuit of wealth [3][7] Group 2 - The article explains the impact of the Ottoman Empire's rise on European trade routes, leading to a shift towards maritime exploration by countries like Portugal and Spain [5][11] - European nations faced a silver shortage in the 15th century, prompting them to resort to using copper coins for trade, which further intensified the demand for Chinese copper currency [5][11] - The influx of silver from the Americas, particularly from mines like Potosí, significantly altered the European economy, alleviating the silver shortage and establishing Spain as a dominant power [11][13]

Core Points - The article discusses the historical significance of the "Jinniu" (Golden Bull) as a symbol of finance, particularly in relation to the development of currency in Chengdu, China, where the world's first paper currency, "Jiaozi," originated [2][5][6] Group 1: Historical Context - The first paper currency, "Jiaozi," emerged in Chengdu during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, initiated by Wang Jian, who established the Later Shu regime [2][3] - Wang Jian's governance led to economic stability and cultural development in Chengdu, making it a prosperous city during a time of widespread conflict [2][3] Group 2: Development of Jiaozi - The initial use of "Jiaozi" began with merchants storing iron coins in shops, which later evolved into the issuance of paper notes backed by these coins [3][4] - In 1024, the Northern Song Dynasty established the "Yizhou Jiaozi Office," marking the official government issuance of paper currency, known as "official Jiaozi," which was backed by state authority [4][5] Group 3: Economic Impact - The introduction of "Jiaozi" alleviated the historical issue of currency shortages in ancient China, facilitating economic growth and trade [6][10] - The currency system evolved to include various denominations, enhancing the efficiency of transactions and contributing to a more robust economic environment during the Song Dynasty [6][9] Group 4: Cultural Influence - The prosperity brought by "Jiaozi" allowed for cultural advancements, influencing notable figures such as Su Shi, who contributed to economic thought and practices during this period [7][8] - The widespread use of "Jiaozi" extended beyond Sichuan, indicating its significant role in trade and economic interactions across regions [9][10]