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微软上季营收劲增近20%,但Azure云增长不够亮眼,AI支出大超预期,盘后一度跌5%
硬AI· 2025-10-30 06:20
Core Viewpoint - Microsoft reported strong revenue growth of 18% year-over-year for Q3, maintaining the highest growth rate in a year and a half, but the earnings per share (EPS) growth slowed to 13%, still exceeding analyst expectations [2][14] Financial Data Summary - Revenue: Q3 revenue reached $77.67 billion, a year-over-year increase of approximately 18%, surpassing analyst expectations of $75.55 billion [7][14] - EPS: Q3 diluted EPS was $3.72, up about 13% year-over-year, exceeding the expected $3.68, while the previous quarter saw a 24% increase [7][14] - Operating Profit: Q3 operating profit was $37.96 billion, a year-over-year increase of approximately 24%, higher than the expected $35.1 billion [7][15] - Net Profit: Q3 net profit was $27.75 billion, a 12% year-over-year increase, compared to a 24% increase in the previous quarter [8][14] Capital Expenditure Summary - Capital Expenditure: Q3 capital expenditure reached $34.9 billion, a year-over-year increase of 74.5%, exceeding analyst expectations of $30.06 billion [8][17] - The increase in capital expenditure reflects significant investments in data centers and AI infrastructure, with a 60% increase from the previous record [17] Business Segment Performance - Commercial Cloud: Revenue from commercial cloud services, including Office and Azure, was $49.1 billion, a year-over-year increase of approximately 26%, surpassing expectations of $48.6 billion [9] - Intelligent Cloud: Revenue from the intelligent cloud segment, including Azure, was $30.9 billion, a year-over-year increase of approximately 28%, exceeding the expected $30.18 billion [9][15] - Productivity and Business Processes: This segment, including Microsoft 365 Copilot AI tools, generated $33.02 billion in revenue, a year-over-year increase of approximately 17% [10] - More Personal Computing: Revenue from this segment, including Windows, Surface, and Xbox, was $13.8 billion, a year-over-year increase of 4%, below the expected $12.88 billion [10] Azure and AI Investment Insights - Azure Growth: Azure and other cloud services revenue grew by 39% year-over-year, matching the highest growth rate in two and a half years, but fell short of some optimistic buyer expectations [2][15] - Investment in OpenAI: Microsoft's investment in OpenAI impacted Q3 net profit by nearly $3.086 billion, significantly higher than the previous year's $523 million [19][20] - Future AI Investments: Microsoft plans to continue increasing investments in AI, including funding and talent acquisition, to capitalize on future growth opportunities [18]
AI巨头,盯上韩国
Tai Mei Ti A P P· 2025-10-30 05:00
Core Insights - OpenAI has announced partnerships with South Korean companies Samsung and SK Hynix to support the "Stargate" project, which aims to invest up to $500 billion in AI infrastructure [2] - Amazon plans to invest at least $5 billion in AI data centers in South Korea by 2031, contributing to the country's goal of becoming a global AI leader [3] - Nvidia's CEO Jensen Huang emphasized the importance of the U.S. leading the AI race and expressed concerns over export restrictions to China, which have impacted Nvidia's market share [4][5] Group 1: OpenAI and Partnerships - OpenAI's collaboration with Samsung and SK Hynix is part of a larger initiative to expand AI computing infrastructure, supported by the U.S. government [2] - SK Hynix reported a record third-quarter profit, with a 119% year-on-year increase, driven by demand for high-performance products needed for AI [2] - OpenAI's partnerships also include efforts to enhance telecommunications and data center capacities in South Korea [2] Group 2: Amazon's Investment - Amazon's investment in South Korea is expected to accelerate the development of the AI ecosystem in the country, with a focus on establishing Seoul as an AI hub in Asia [3] - The investment aligns with South Korea's ambition to be one of the top three global AI leaders [3] Group 3: Nvidia's Market Position - Nvidia has faced challenges in the Chinese market due to export restrictions, resulting in a complete loss of market share in that region [4] - Jensen Huang highlighted the need for the U.S. to maintain its technological leadership in AI and suggested that restricting chip exports could harm U.S. interests [4][5] - Nvidia is expected to invest in AI data centers in South Korea, aligning with the country's goal to procure high-performance GPUs [5]
广发早知道:汇总版-20251030
Guang Fa Qi Huo· 2025-10-30 03:33
Report Summary 1. Report Industry Investment Ratings The provided content does not mention any industry investment ratings. 2. Core Views of the Report - **Financial Derivatives**: The market is influenced by various factors such as Sino - US relations, central bank policies, and economic data. For example, Sino - US leaders' meetings affect market sentiment, and central bank monetary policies impact interest rates and asset prices [2][4]. - **Precious Metals**: After the Fed's interest rate decision and statements, precious metals are under short - term pressure, but there are long - term bullish factors [7][9]. - **Shipping Index (European Line)**: The container shipping market shows a mixed situation with increasing capacity and different demand indicators in different regions. The futures market is expected to be volatile [12][13]. - **Non - ferrous Metals**: Different non - ferrous metals have different supply - demand situations and price trends. For example, copper has long - term supply - demand contradictions supporting price increases, while aluminum is in a tight - balance situation [13][18][23]. - **Black Metals**: The steel and iron ore markets are affected by supply, demand, and inventory factors. The coal and coke markets are also influenced by production, consumption, and policy factors [44][47][50]. - **Agricultural Products**: Different agricultural products have different market trends. For example, soybean meal has cost support, while the pig price is in a volatile state [56][59]. 3. Summary by Directory Financial Derivatives Financial Futures - **Stock Index Futures**: On Wednesday, the main indexes opened higher and rose with increased trading volume. The four major stock index futures contracts also rose, and the basis spread of the main contracts was repaired. The Sino - US leaders' meeting and relevant policies affected market sentiment. It is recommended to try to sell put options at the support level or construct a bullish call spread [2][3][4]. - **Treasury Bond Futures**: Most treasury bond futures closed higher, and the yield of most major interest - rate bonds in the inter - bank market declined. The short - end bonds were supported by the expectation of the central bank's bond - buying restart, while the long - term bonds were suppressed. It is recommended to go long on dips and pay attention to the positive arbitrage strategy [5][6]. Precious Metals - The Fed cut interest rates by 25 BP as expected and announced the end of the balance - sheet reduction. The precious metals market was affected by the Fed's statements and economic data. Gold prices fell after rising, and silver prices rose slightly. In the short term, precious metals are under pressure, but there are long - term bullish factors [7][9]. Container Shipping Index (European Line) - As of October 30, the freight quotes for Shanghai - Europe routes varied among different shipping companies. The container shipping index showed an upward trend. The global container capacity increased, and the demand indicators in different regions were different. The futures market is expected to be volatile, and it is recommended to go long on dips for the December contract [12][13]. Non - ferrous Metals Copper - The spot price of copper decreased slightly, and the trading was light. The Fed cut interest rates, and the market focused on the Sino - US leaders' meeting. The supply of copper ore was tight, and the production of refined copper was expected to decline in October. The demand for copper had strong resilience. It is recommended to pay attention to the support at 87000 [13][14][18]. Alumina - The spot price of alumina was stable with a slight decline in some regions. The supply was abundant, and the demand was weak. The inventory increased. The price is expected to be under pressure in the short term, and the main contract is expected to oscillate between 2750 - 2950 [18][19][20]. Aluminum - The spot price of aluminum increased slightly. The supply was affected by the proportion of molten aluminum, and the demand was structurally different. The inventory increased slightly. The price is expected to be in a high - level oscillation, and the main contract is expected to operate between 20800 - 21400 [21][22][23]. Aluminum Alloy - The spot price of aluminum alloy was stable. The supply was affected by raw materials and policies, and the demand was in a mild recovery. The inventory decreased. The price is expected to be in a strong - side oscillation, and the main contract is expected to operate between 20200 - 20800 [23][24][25]. Zinc - The spot price of zinc increased slightly. The supply was expected to be limited in the future due to the decline in processing fees and by - product prices. The demand was stable, and the inventory decreased. The price is expected to be in an oscillation, and the main contract is expected to operate between 21800 - 22800 [26][27][28]. Tin - The spot price of tin increased slightly. The supply of tin ore was tight, and the demand was weak. The inventory situation was mixed. Due to the hawkish remarks on the December interest - rate cut, the short - term price may decline. It is recommended to buy on dips [29][30][33]. Nickel - The spot price of nickel decreased slightly. The production of refined nickel was high, and the demand in different sectors was different. The inventory increased. The price is expected to be in an interval oscillation, and the main contract is expected to operate between 118000 - 126000 [33][34][35]. Stainless Steel - The spot price of stainless steel was stable. The raw material cost support was weakening, the supply was expected to increase, and the demand was not significantly boosted. The inventory decreased slowly. The price is expected to be in a weak - side oscillation, and the main contract is expected to operate between 12500 - 13000 [37][38][39]. Lithium Carbonate - The spot price of lithium carbonate increased. The supply was increasing, and the demand was optimistic. The inventory was decreasing. The price is expected to be strong in the short term, and attention should be paid to the resistance levels at 83,000 and 85,000 [40][41][43]. Black Metals Steel - The spot price of steel increased, and the basis spread weakened. The cost and profit situation was complex, the supply was affected by production reduction and increase, and the demand was affected by domestic and foreign factors. The inventory decreased. It is recommended to hold long positions and pay attention to the previous high pressure [44][45][46]. Iron Ore - The spot and futures prices of iron ore increased. The supply situation was mixed with increasing global shipments and decreasing arrivals at ports. The demand was affected by steel production and profit. The inventory increased. It is recommended to go long on dips for the 2601 contract and conduct 1 - 5 positive arbitrage [47][48][49]. Coking Coal - The futures price of coking coal rose strongly. The spot price was strong, and the downstream had replenishment demand. The supply was affected by domestic production reduction and import situations. The demand was affected by iron and steel production. The inventory increased slightly. It is recommended to go long on dips for the 2601 contract, with a reference interval of 1200 - 1350, and conduct long - coking coal and short - coke arbitrage [50][52][55]. Coke - The futures price of coke rose strongly. The spot price had a third - round price increase. The supply was affected by coking coal prices and production reduction. The demand was affected by steel production. The inventory decreased slightly. It is recommended to go long on dips for the 2601 contract, with a reference interval of 1700 - 1850, and conduct long - coking coal and short - coke arbitrage [53][54][55]. Agricultural Products Meal Products - The spot price of soybean meal was mixed, and the trading volume decreased. The supply and demand situation was affected by Sino - US relations, Brazilian soybean exports, and domestic inventory. The cost of domestic soybean imports was supported, and the trend of domestic soybean meal was expected to be strong [56][57][58]. Live Pigs - The spot price of live pigs was stable with a slight increase. The profit of pig farming improved, and the average weight of pigs decreased. The second - round fattening enthusiasm slowed down, and the price was expected to be volatile. It is recommended to wait and see for the reverse spread arbitrage [59][60]. Corn - The spot price of corn was mixed. The inventory situation in ports showed different trends for different grains. The supply pressure was still there, and the price was expected to be in a weak - side oscillation [61].
奇安信股价涨5.01%,华夏基金旗下1只基金位居十大流通股东,持有1519.68万股浮盈赚取2674.63万元
Xin Lang Cai Jing· 2025-10-30 03:02
Core Viewpoint - Qianxin Technology Group Co., Ltd. has seen a 5.01% increase in stock price, reaching 36.88 CNY per share, with a total market capitalization of 25.161 billion CNY, indicating a positive market sentiment towards the company [1] Company Overview - Qianxin was established on June 16, 2014, and went public on July 22, 2020. The company specializes in the cybersecurity market, providing next-generation enterprise-level cybersecurity products and services to government and corporate clients [1] - The revenue composition of Qianxin includes: 61.00% from security products, 19.67% from security services, 18.93% from hardware and others, and 0.40% from other sources [1] Shareholder Insights - The Huaxia Fund's Huaxia SSE Sci-Tech Innovation Board 50 ETF (588000) is among the top ten circulating shareholders of Qianxin, having reduced its holdings by 209,400 shares in Q2, now holding 15.1968 million shares, which is 2.22% of the circulating shares [2] - The ETF has generated an estimated floating profit of approximately 26.7463 million CNY today, with a total floating profit of 23.403 million CNY during the five-day increase [2] Fund Performance - The Huaxia SSE Sci-Tech Innovation Board 50 ETF (588000) has a total asset size of 75.62 billion CNY and has achieved a year-to-date return of 49.92%, ranking 824 out of 4216 in its category [2] - The fund has a one-year return of 52.3%, ranking 691 out of 3885, and an overall return of 8.58% since its inception on September 28, 2020 [2] Additional Fund Insights - The Huaxia Cloud Computing and Big Data ETF Link A (019868) holds Qianxin as its fourth-largest position, with 44 shares held in Q3, generating a floating profit of approximately 77.44 CNY today [4] - This fund has a total asset size of 929.567 million CNY and has achieved a year-to-date return of 48.48%, ranking 909 out of 4216 [4] Fund Management - The fund manager of the Huaxia Cloud Computing and Big Data ETF Link A is Zhang Jinzhi, who has been in the position for 150 days, managing assets totaling 3.203 billion CNY [5] - During Zhang's tenure, the best fund return has been 55.67%, while the worst return has been -1.36% [5]
中原证券晨会聚焦-20251030
Zhongyuan Securities· 2025-10-30 02:28
Core Insights - The report highlights the positive performance of the A-share market, driven by multiple favorable factors including the "14th Five-Year Plan" and improved US-China relations, which have boosted market risk appetite [11][12][14] - The report emphasizes the importance of focusing on high-growth sectors such as photovoltaic, aerospace software, and other emerging industries, which are expected to lead the market [11][13][14] Domestic Market Performance - The Shanghai Composite Index closed at 4,016.33 with a gain of 0.70%, while the Shenzhen Component Index rose by 1.95% to 13,691.38 [3] - The average P/E ratios for the Shanghai Composite and ChiNext are 16.34 and 50.24 respectively, indicating a suitable environment for medium to long-term investments [11][14] International Market Performance - Major international indices such as the Dow Jones and S&P 500 experienced slight declines of 0.67% and 0.45% respectively, while the Nikkei 225 saw a modest increase of 0.62% [4] Economic Overview - China's GDP for the first three quarters of 2025 reached 101.5 trillion yuan, growing by 5.2% year-on-year, surpassing the annual growth target of 5% [8] - The industrial added value increased by 6.2%, while retail sales grew by 4.5%, indicating a stable economic performance despite external pressures [8] Industry Focus - The report suggests continuous attention to high-prosperity sectors such as engineering machinery, shipbuilding, and robotics, which are expected to benefit from the "14th Five-Year Plan" [6][15] - The photovoltaic industry saw a slight correction in October after significant gains in previous months, with the industry index down by 1.39% [19][20] Investment Recommendations - The report recommends focusing on leading companies in the photovoltaic sector, particularly those involved in energy storage and advanced battery technologies, as they are expected to benefit from ongoing industry improvements [21][27] - In the automotive interior and exterior parts sector, the report notes a steady growth trajectory, with China's market share exceeding 30% of the global market, driven by increasing production and consumer demand [23][24][25] Sector Analysis - The electric power and utilities sector has shown strong performance, with the index rising by 4.71% in October, outperforming the broader market [29] - The report highlights the importance of monitoring the supply and demand dynamics in the coal and natural gas markets, as well as the impact of water conditions on hydropower generation [30][31]
科技巨头财报夜,股价有涨有跌,但资本开支都在暴涨
Hua Er Jie Jian Wen· 2025-10-30 02:28
Core Insights - Major tech companies are significantly increasing their capital expenditures to support AI infrastructure, indicating a strong commitment to the future of AI [1][4] - Despite varied stock market reactions, the common theme across earnings reports is the surge in capital expenditures, reflecting intense competition in AI and cloud computing [1][4] Group 1: Google and Meta - Alphabet has raised its 2025 capital expenditure guidance to between $91 billion and $93 billion, up from a previous estimate of $85 billion, with a significant increase expected in 2026 [2] - Meta has also increased its 2025 capital expenditure guidance from $66 billion-$72 billion to $70 billion-$72 billion, with a notable increase in 2026 spending anticipated [2] - Both companies are responding to strong demand in their cloud businesses, with Google's backlog growing by 46% to $155 billion [2] Group 2: Microsoft - Microsoft reported a record capital expenditure of $34.9 billion for the recently ended fiscal quarter, exceeding market expectations of $30 billion [3] - The significant spending reflects Microsoft's commitment to meet accelerating demand, although it has not positively impacted its stock price [3] - Concerns have arisen regarding whether the demand for AI and cloud computing has outstripped Microsoft's supply capabilities [3] Group 3: Opportunities and Risks - The substantial investments by tech giants illustrate a growing customer demand for AI, evidenced by Google's 32% year-over-year revenue growth in its cloud segment [4] - However, there are rising concerns about the sensitivity of the market to costs, as seen in the stock reactions of Meta and Microsoft [4] - Investors are closely monitoring how long it will take for these large-scale AI investments to translate into significant profits, highlighting a balance between long-term growth and immediate cost pressures [4]
美存储概念“热股”希捷科技暴涨近20%,亮眼业绩被华尔街点赞
Feng Huang Wang· 2025-10-30 02:14
Core Viewpoint - Seagate Technology Holdings has experienced significant stock price growth, with a 19.11% increase on October 30, reaching $265.62, driven by strong demand for data storage due to AI and cloud computing [1][3]. Financial Performance - The company reported adjusted earnings per share of $2.61 for the first fiscal quarter, exceeding analyst expectations of $2.40, with revenue of $2.63 billion, a 21% year-over-year increase, surpassing the forecast of $2.55 billion [3][4]. - Gross margin improved to 39.4% from 32.9% year-over-year, while operating margin rose to 26.4% from 18.6% [4]. Future Guidance - Seagate forecasts revenue for the second fiscal quarter to be around $2.70 billion, slightly above analyst expectations of $2.67 billion, with projected earnings per share of $2.75 [5][4]. Analyst Sentiment - Analysts from Morgan Stanley and Benchmark Equity Research have expressed positive outlooks, with Morgan Stanley raising its target price from $265 to $270, citing strong gross margin performance [6][7]. - Benchmark Equity Research also increased its target price from $250 to $255, reflecting optimism about the company's growth prospects [8]. Market Dynamics - The demand for cloud computing and AI-integrated personal computers is driving Seagate's growth, with current order backlogs extending into 2027 [7]. - Despite some skepticism from Susquehanna International Group regarding the cyclical nature of the storage industry, they acknowledged Seagate's solid execution and raised their target price from $80 to $150 [10].
顺网科技20251029
2025-10-30 01:56
Summary of Shunwang Technology Conference Call Company Overview - **Company**: Shunwang Technology - **Industry**: E-sports and Cloud Computing Key Financial Highlights - **Revenue**: In the first half of 2025, revenue reached 324 million yuan, a year-on-year increase of 52.59% despite a slight decline due to business restructuring [2][3] - **Profit Growth**: In Q3 2025, the company achieved nearly 40% profit growth, maintaining momentum from the first half [3] Business Segments Advertising Business - **Model**: The advertising business is based on e-sports technology services using the CPT model, which has a high gross margin [2][4] - **Focus Shift**: The company is concentrating resources on high-margin advertising services, reducing emphasis on lower-margin value-added services like CDK and game props due to intense competition [2][4][17] Value-Added Services - **Services Offered**: Includes accelerators, account rental, and game props, which have lower gross margins [4][17] - **Regulatory Impact**: The company is shifting focus towards high-margin advertising in response to regulatory guidance [4] Cloud Computing and Edge Computing Developments - **Infrastructure Development**: Since 2019, the company has been building cloud computing infrastructure and is now in the platform deepening operation phase [2][6] - **Virtual E-sports Hub**: Plans to create a virtual e-sports hub to connect online and offline platforms, providing high-performance machine support to the e-sports industry [6][7] Future Directions - **High-Margin Business Focus**: The company aims to further develop high-margin advertising and deepen cloud computing and edge computing capabilities [7] - **AI Cloud Projects**: Plans to advance AI cloud computer projects to provide model training, inference, and fine-tuning services for developers [7] Industry Trends - **E-sports Recovery**: The e-sports industry is recovering post-pandemic, driven by hardware upgrades and new game releases [8][14] - **Market Growth**: The end-game market is on an upward trend, with expectations for continued growth in 2026, leading to increased advertising demand [14] Competitive Advantages - **Edge Computing**: Shunwang's edge computing offers significant advantages in cost-effectiveness and latency compared to major public clouds like Alibaba Cloud and Tencent Cloud [11][12] - **User Base**: The primary customers include e-sports practitioners, internet cafes, and e-sports hotels, with personal gamers also contributing significantly to revenue [10] Additional Insights - **ChinaJoy Exhibition**: Revenue from the ChinaJoy exhibition is expected to maintain a slight growth trend, contributing to overall revenue [9] - **Impact of E-sports Venues**: The increase in e-sports hotels and internet cafes enhances the advertising revenue indirectly by improving traffic and user engagement [15] - **Collaboration with Bilibili**: Ongoing collaboration with Bilibili on the "Three Kingdoms" project, with deeper engagement compared to previous projects [16] This summary encapsulates the key points from the conference call, highlighting Shunwang Technology's financial performance, business strategies, industry trends, and competitive positioning.
工业富联20251029
2025-10-30 01:56
Summary of Industrial Fulian's Conference Call Company Overview - **Company**: Industrial Fulian - **Industry**: Cloud Computing and AI Infrastructure Key Financial Metrics - **Revenue**: - Q3 2025 revenue reached 432 billion CNY, a year-on-year increase of 42.8% [2][3] - Total revenue for the first three quarters was 6,039 billion CNY, up 38% year-on-year [3] - **Net Profit**: - Q3 2025 net profit attributable to shareholders was 103.73 billion CNY, a 62% increase year-on-year [2][3] - Total net profit for the first three quarters was 224.87 billion CNY, up 45% year-on-year [3] - **Cloud Computing Growth**: - Cloud computing business grew by 65% year-on-year in the first three quarters and 75% in Q3 alone [2][3] Inventory and Future Growth Potential - **Inventory**: - As of Q3 2025, inventory stood at 1,646 billion CNY, an increase of 417 billion CNY from the previous quarter and a staggering year-on-year increase of 737,443 billion CNY [2][6] - **Future Revenue Projections**: - Expected Q4 2025 shipment volume may exceed 7,000 cabinets, leading to a revenue growth rate exceeding 83% for the quarter and an annual growth rate potentially exceeding 50% [2][6] Market Dynamics and Client Base - **Client Base Shift**: - Transition from traditional clients like Dell and HP to major cloud service providers such as Microsoft, Google, Amazon, and Oracle [4] - **Impact of OpenAI**: - OpenAI's contracts with Nvidia, AMD, and Broadcom, totaling 26GW, indicate a potential demand exceeding 1 trillion USD, positively impacting the computing power industry and Industrial Fulian's valuation [2][8] Future Market Outlook - **Market Share and Profitability**: - By 2026, Nvidia's cabinet shipments are expected to reach 120,000 units, with Industrial Fulian projected to capture over 50% market share, translating to 50,000 to 60,000 cabinets [12] - Estimated net profit from AI cabinets alone could reach 400 billion CNY, with total AI-related net profit exceeding 500 billion CNY [12] - **Valuation Expectations**: - 2026 net profit could exceed 700 billion CNY, with a conservative market cap target of 1.6 trillion CNY, potentially reaching 2 trillion CNY under optimistic scenarios [4][12] Risks and Challenges - **Potential Risks**: - AI industry sentiment may not meet expectations, increased market competition could lead to a decline in market share, and next-generation product margins may underperform [4][13] - **CSP Capital Expenditure**: - While capital expenditures from cloud service providers may face pressure, emerging technologies in native AI and inference will provide new growth opportunities [9] Conclusion - Industrial Fulian is positioned for significant growth driven by its cloud computing and AI business, with a strong shift in client base and promising future revenue projections. However, the company must navigate potential risks related to market competition and industry sentiment.
大模型+云+asic 必成 大趋势
小熊跑的快· 2025-10-30 01:22
Core Insights - The article discusses the recent earnings reports of major tech companies, highlighting that Microsoft’s stock decline was unexpected due to high expectations for Azure [1] - Google exceeded expectations with a 34% increase in gross margin and a remarkable 14% growth in search revenue [2] Group 1: Google’s Competitive Advantage - Google has achieved significant advantages through integration of large models, cloud services, and ASIC technology, particularly during a surge in demand for inference since Q4 of last year [3] - The integration strategy aims to lower costs and increase market share, which has been a consistent theme in the development of mining chips [4] Group 2: Future Revenue Projections - Google’s API revenue is projected to double to $3 billion, with expectations to reach $6 billion next year, indicating strong growth in enterprise-level AI revenue [6] - The company’s path is being closely studied by competitors, with Alibaba and Microsoft also looking to develop similar integrated models and ASIC technologies [5]