央视网消息：由国家气候中心、中国社会科学院生态文明研究所与社会科学文献出版社联合编写的《应对气候变化报告（2025）》近日在北京发布。今 年的主题是"《巴黎协定》：十年之后再出发。"报告从全球治理、绿色转型、区域实践、技术创新等不同维度展开分析，全面展现国际气候进程的新进展和 我国推进"碳达峰碳中和"目标的政策行动。 中国社会科学院生态文明研究所研究员 陈迎：在全球治理的这个层面，30多年以来首次美国政府的谈判代表团缺席了气候公约的缔约方大会，给全球 气候治理带来了很多负面的影响。所以在美国的缺席和欧盟政策出现模糊的情况下，应该说中国在全球治理中发挥了越来越重要的作用。底气就来自于我们 国内坚定不移推动绿色低碳发展，坚定不移落实"双碳"目标。 在应对气候变化报告（2025）中，报告基于对我国337个城市绿色低碳发展水平的系统评估指出，2024年城市绿色低碳发展综合指数平均达80分，较 2023年的76.7分有显著提升，表明"双碳"转型初见成效，但北方短板突出、中小城市转型风险高等问题仍极为紧迫。 今年是《巴黎协定》签署10周年，"双碳"目标提出5周年，绿水青山就是金山银山理念提出20周年，具有承前启后的重要意 ...

但即使在美国退出《巴黎协定》的情况下，刘振民认为，国际合作仍然可以继续往前推进。比较突出的 是资金援助问题。由于美国退出，发达国家内部出现了分歧，提供应对气候变化的公共资金遇到了困 难，而这会延缓能源转型进程。下一步能源转型如何推进？国际社会要开源，多渠道寻求全球能源转型 的投资，包括用好多边发展银行的资金、鼓励私人投资者转向能源转型、发展新能源。同时，可继续推 动发达国家履行义务，向发展中国家提供应对气候变化的资金援助。 随着美国再度宣布退出《巴黎协定》，世界各国正制定并实行"B计划"，继续推进全球能源转型和应对 气候变化的进程。 中国气候变化事务特使、联合国前副秘书长刘振民在第六届"海洋合作与治理论坛"期间接受21世纪经济 报道记者独家专访时表示，所谓的"B计划"，就是说各国要确保在美国缺席或者没有美国参与的情况下 推进多边合作，应对气候变化。从2025年巴西贝伦举行的COP30（《联合国气候变化框架公约》第三十 次缔约方大会）来看，这个B计划是成功的，多边合作进程不会由于一两个国家的缺席而停滞。 美国作为一个超级大国，过去三十多年来也是积极引领全球气候合作的大国，退出《巴黎协定》对全球 合作是一个遗憾， ...

研究结果显示，如果全球平均气温较工业化前水平升高1.5摄氏度，2041年前后将出现冰川消融高峰， 平均每年消融2000处，预计到本世纪末全球冰川数量将降至约9.6万处，比目前减少一半多。 若升温幅度达到2.7摄氏度，冰川消融将在2040年至2060年间达到高峰，平均每年减少约3000处，冰川 数量到本世纪末将只剩目前的五分之一，约4.4万处。 按升温4摄氏度评估，预计2055年左右出现冰川消融高峰，平均每年消失4000处冰川，到本世纪末仅存 约1.8万处冰川，约为当前数量的9%。 研究人员说，冰川消融的速度会在高峰过后减缓，这是因为届时剩下的冰川总量减少，以及相对更大的 冰川往往耗费更长时间才会消融。 研究：气候变暖或导致全球冰川年均减少2000到4000处 欧飒 《自然-气候变化》月刊15日刊载的一份研究报告显示，如果不能有效应对气候变暖，到本世纪四五十 年代，全球冰川将从目前的每年平均减少1000处加快至每年减少2000至4000处。 瑞士苏黎世联邦理工学院冰川专家兰德尔·范特里希特带领的团队对一个全球数据库中逾21万处冰川的 卫星拍摄轮廓照片进行研究，利用计算机模型模拟在不同气候变暖情形下的冰川消融情况 ...

Core Insights - The 30th United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP30) concluded in Belém, Brazil, marking the 10th anniversary of the Paris Agreement and held in a critical climate crisis area, under significant political pressure and global expectations [1][21][22] - The absence of the U.S. federal government at COP30, following its second withdrawal from the Paris Agreement, has raised concerns about the future of global climate governance and has become a major topic of discussion [2][22] Group 1: U.S. Absence and Its Implications - The U.S. absence is seen as a structural variable affecting negotiations, particularly in funding commitments and political coordination among developed countries [2][22][27] - The lack of U.S. representation has made it difficult for developed nations to coordinate climate funding for developing countries, leading to challenges in achieving financial commitments [27] - Despite the absence of the federal government, many state governments, businesses, and academic representatives from the U.S. attended, indicating a division in U.S. domestic opinion on climate change [28][29] Group 2: Energy Transition and Fossil Fuel Debate - The conference focused on advancing the COP28 UAE consensus, with China advocating for the continuation of this framework rather than introducing new fossil fuel exit roadmaps [32][34] - China has set ambitious targets for reducing greenhouse gas emissions, aiming for a 7%-10% reduction from peak levels by 2035, alongside a significant increase in non-fossil energy consumption [11][35] - The transition from fossil fuels to renewable energy is recognized as a complex challenge, requiring significant technological and infrastructural adjustments [36] Group 3: Trade Tensions and Funding Challenges - Trade issues were a significant focus at COP30, with many developing countries uniting against unilateral measures proposed by developed nations, particularly the EU's Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) [37][38] - Funding remains a critical challenge, with developing countries urgently needing financial support to address climate change, as mandated by the Paris Agreement [40] - The COP30 outcomes included a commitment to double adaptation funding by 2025 and at least triple it by 2035, emphasizing the need for developed countries to fulfill their financial obligations [41][42]

中新社巴黎12月12日电 (记者李洋)法国当地时间12日纪念《巴黎协定》达成十周年。法国总统马克龙当 天呼吁国际社会在应对气候变化方面要加倍努力。 马克龙当天通过社交媒体发表长篇文章，回顾了2015年在巴黎举行的《联合国气候变化框架公约》第21 次缔约方大会(COP21)，表示195个缔约方做出了历史性承诺，把全球平均气温升幅控制在工业化前水 平以上低于2摄氏度之内，并为把升温幅度控制在1.5摄氏度内而努力。法国充分发挥作用，确保会议取 得成功。十年后，我们可以为所取得的成就感到自豪。 马克龙提出法国应对气候变化的6个原则性议题，分别是尊重和保护科学，结束对进口化石燃料的依 赖，帮助法国的行业脱碳，维护法国民众的发展目标，适应气候变化带来的影响，推动欧洲和世界应对 气候变化的努力。 （文章来源：中国新闻网） 马克龙指出，法国将一如既往在应对气候变化和保护地球的行动中充分发挥作用，期待国际社会未来十 年能够进入共同成功的时代，并继续履行十年前在巴黎做出的有关承诺。 法国生态转型部12日在巴黎主办《巴黎协定》达成十周年纪念活动，与应对气候变化相关的官员、学 者、非政府组织代表等各界人士出席活动。法国总理勒科尔尼、 ...

Core Viewpoint - The 30th United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP30) concluded in Belem, Brazil, amidst significant political pressure and global expectations, focusing on key issues such as funding, energy transition, trade, and international cooperation [1][3]. Group 1: U.S. Absence and Its Impact - The absence of the U.S. federal government at COP30 marked a historic moment, raising concerns about the future of global climate governance [3][6]. - The lack of U.S. representation has created challenges in funding negotiations and political coordination among developed countries, particularly affecting financial commitments to developing nations [7][20]. - Despite the absence of federal representatives, many local government and business leaders from the U.S. attended, indicating a division in U.S. domestic opinion on climate change [8][9]. Group 2: Energy Transition and NDCs - The conference emphasized the importance of energy transition, with over 120 countries submitting new Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) ahead of the 2035 deadline [12][15]. - China advocates for maintaining the UAE consensus on energy transition, opposing new, separate roadmaps that do not consider renewable energy development [13][14]. - China's ambitious targets include a reduction of greenhouse gas emissions by 7%-10% from peak levels by 2035 and increasing non-fossil energy consumption to over 30% [15][16]. Group 3: Trade Issues and Funding Challenges - Development countries united in opposition to unilateral trade measures proposed by developed nations, particularly the EU's Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) [17][18]. - Funding remains a critical issue, with developing countries urgently needing financial support to address climate change, as mandated by the Paris Agreement [20]. - The COP30 outcomes included a commitment to double adaptation funding by 2025 and at least triple it by 2035, urging developed nations to fulfill their financial obligations [20][21].

Core Points - The G20 summit in Johannesburg, South Africa, opened on November 22, with consensus reached on key agenda items and the adoption of the Johannesburg Summit Declaration [1][4] - The declaration was passed on the opening day, marking the first time this has occurred, and is seen as a collective response to the absence of U.S. President Trump, who opposed signing the declaration [4][5] - The declaration emphasizes multilateral cooperation to address global challenges, including climate change and support for developing countries, contrasting sharply with U.S. policies under Trump [5][6] Group 1 - The summit declaration contains 122 points, highlighting the need for multilateral cooperation and support for developing nations to promote inclusive growth and sustainable development [5] - The declaration reiterates commitments to the Paris Agreement and climate change action, which Trump previously dismissed as a "hoax" [5][6] - South African President Ramaphosa stated that the 19 participating countries reached an "overwhelming consensus" to sign the declaration [5] Group 2 - Australian Prime Minister Albanese described the declaration as a positive signal of global cooperation and a reflection of commitments made by world leaders regarding climate action [7] - Albanese emphasized that the declaration is not a denial of Trump's policies but rather a reflection of the existing commitments to the Paris Agreement and climate change [7]

Core Points - The COP30 conference in Brazil is a critical moment for global climate action, focusing on climate financing, emissions reduction, and resilience against climate change [1][3][4] - The conference aims to address the complex disagreements among wealthy nations, oil-producing countries, and vulnerable nations regarding climate financing and fossil fuel dependency [5][12][16] Climate Financing - A key topic of discussion is the financial support that wealthy nations should provide to poorer countries to combat climate change, with a previous agreement to provide $300 billion annually by 2035 and a larger goal of raising $1.3 trillion from various sources [5][12] - The conference seeks to establish a roadmap to increase climate financing to $1.3 trillion by 2035, highlighting the need for a balanced approach to adaptation resources and emission reductions [12][13] Fossil Fuel Dependency - The issue of fossil fuels remains contentious, with calls for a phased elimination of oil, coal, and natural gas, as recognized in the COP28 agreement [6][12] - The conference aims to create a fair and orderly transition from fossil fuels to renewable energy, emphasizing the necessity of addressing misinformation that undermines this transition [14][15] Global Participation - The absence of a formal U.S. delegation at COP30 marks a significant shift, with concerns raised about the implications for global climate leadership [7][8][10] - Despite the U.S. absence, many state and local representatives, as well as environmental organizations, participated in the conference, indicating ongoing engagement at various levels [8][9] China's Role - China is emerging as a key leader in global climate action, committing to ambitious Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) that align with the Paris Agreement goals [10][11] - China's NDC targets include a significant reduction in greenhouse gas emissions and ambitious renewable energy development goals, showcasing its commitment to climate action [10][11] Conference Challenges - The conference faced challenges, including a fire incident that delayed discussions and highlighted the complexities of reaching consensus among diverse negotiating groups [15][16] - The Brazilian president emphasized the need for a serious approach to energy transition, allowing countries to determine their timelines and capabilities for climate action [16][17]

《巴黎协定》的确为全球气候治理带来了极大改善。巴西当地时间11月18日，正在巴西举行的《联 合国气候变化框架公约》第三十次缔约方大会（COP30）出具了一份主席国磋商草案，指出十年前 研究机构预测全球气温将升高超过4°C，但在全面实施"国家自主贡献"情况下，如今升温范围已降至 1.9-2.6°C，这意味着《巴黎协定》成功改变了升温曲线，将世界从气候灾难的边缘拉回。 但不得不承认的一点是，从这一届气候大会上，我们看到了全球气候治理陷入动力不足的困境。特朗 普的频繁退群与欧洲的犹疑是这一困境后不可忽视的因素。 "特朗普的回归，恰逢国际气候合作的一个困难时刻。按照既定节奏，各国应在今年提交新的一轮 NDC，在其中明确面向2035年的气候行动计划。这是COP30周期内最重要的工作之一，"绿色和平东 亚分部全球政策顾问姚喆告诉虎嗅：" 但即使巴西总统多次亲自出面动员，今年各国的提交进度仍然 滞后， 目前仍有近半数的国家没有提交，而一贯在气候议题上起带头作用的欧盟，这次也拖到最后 一刻才形成共识。" 地缘政治分裂、经济前景不确定、气候资金短缺、现有行动与目标差距巨大，在这些问题共同存在的 背景下，这次COP30要讨论什么 ...

Core Viewpoint - The 30th Conference of the Parties (COP30) in Belém, Brazil, emphasizes the need for global cooperation to address climate change, accelerate emission reductions, and promote an inclusive and just transition [6][9]. Group 1: Climate Agreements and Actions - The Paris Agreement, reached 10 years ago, has successfully reduced the projected global temperature rise from over 4°C to between 2.1°C and 2.8°C by the end of the century [6]. - China has consistently advocated for multilateralism and has made significant contributions to the implementation of the Paris Agreement, showcasing its commitment to global climate governance [7][17]. - China has set ambitious national contributions, including a target for carbon intensity reduction by 2020 and a commitment to achieve peak carbon emissions before 2030, followed by a goal for carbon neutrality by 2060 [10][11]. Group 2: International Cooperation and Support - China has mobilized over 177 billion RMB for climate change South-South cooperation projects, supporting more than 120 developing countries through training and capacity-building initiatives [14][16]. - The "African Light Belt" project exemplifies China's efforts to provide clean energy solutions to developing nations, significantly improving energy access in countries like São Tomé and Príncipe [14]. - China plays a crucial role in facilitating climate funding negotiations, addressing the funding obligations of developed countries under the Paris Agreement, and providing financial support to developing nations [16]. Group 3: Technological Innovation and Green Transition - China aims to achieve a 19.8% share of non-fossil energy in primary energy consumption by 2024, ahead of its 2030 targets, and has become a leader in renewable energy production and electric vehicle sales [11]. - The establishment of a national carbon trading market covering over 60% of carbon emissions demonstrates China's commitment to innovative solutions for reducing emissions [11]. Group 4: Leadership in Climate Negotiations - China has been instrumental in coordinating negotiations at climate conferences, often serving as a bridge between different parties to facilitate consensus [15][16]. - The country has taken on leadership roles in various negotiation topics, including climate finance and technology transfer, reinforcing its position as a key player in global climate governance [16].