来源：科技日报 11月14日16时40分，神舟二十一号载人飞船返回舱在东风着陆场成功着陆。神舟二十号航天员陈冬、陈 中瑞、王杰身体状态良好。飞船自11时14分与空间站组合体分离到落地，耗时不到5.5小时，相较此前 返回任务节省了3个多小时。 记者从中国航天科技集团五院了解到，在这次任务中，神舟飞船首次实施3圈自主快速返回，标志着我 国载人飞船再入返回技术取得新突破、系统可靠性达到新高度。 再入返回是航天器在完成太空任务后，脱离轨道进入地球大气层，最终安全降落到目标区域的过程。该 过程中如何控制飞船？相比此前返回任务，本次由5圈改为3圈关键点在哪？实施3圈自主快速返回有什 么意义？中国航天科技集团专家进行了介绍。 第三问：实施3圈自主快速返回有什么意义？ 实施3圈自主快速返回，能够有力提升神舟载人飞船自主飞行段、组合体运行段应对重大故障的能力。 相较于5圈返回方案，神舟二十一号飞船从离开空间站到返回地球的时间缩短了3个多小时，体现了我国 再入返回技术的稳定性可靠性。 从神舟一号的标准弹道自适应制导，到神舟十二号的自适应预测制导，再到神舟二十一号的3圈快速返 回，中国航天人用30多年走出了一条独具特色的再入返回技 ...

Core Points - The Shenzhou-20 crew successfully completed a 204-day mission in space, setting a new record for the longest duration for a single crew in China's space history [1] - Astronaut Chen Dong became the first Chinese astronaut to spend over 400 days in space and holds the record for the most extravehicular activities [1] - The Shenzhou-20 mission involved significant scientific experiments across various fields, including microgravity physics and space medicine [1] Summary by Sections Mission Duration and Achievements - The Shenzhou-20 crew spent 204 days in orbit, completing four extravehicular activities and multiple cargo operations [1] - The mission contributed to extensive research in microgravity basic physics, space materials science, space life science, aerospace medicine, and aerospace technology [1] Return Mission and Safety Concerns - The Shenzhou-20 crew will return aboard the Shenzhou-21 spacecraft due to concerns over potential damage from space debris [1][2] - The Shenzhou-20 return capsule was found to have minor cracks in the window glass, likely caused by external impacts from space debris, which do not meet safety conditions for a manned return [2] - An emergency backup mission with the Shenzhou-22 spacecraft is planned to ensure safe return for the crew, with the launch timing dependent on the space station's operational status [2]

Core Points - The Shenzhou-21 manned spacecraft successfully completed its return mission, marking a breakthrough in China's re-entry and return technology with enhanced system reliability [1] - The re-entry and return process involves the spacecraft leaving orbit, entering the Earth's atmosphere, and landing safely, with the GNC system being crucial for flight control [1] - The Shenzhou program has evolved through two generations of re-entry technology, with the latest Shenzhou-21 utilizing a new three-orbit autonomous quick return strategy [2] Group 1 - The Shenzhou-21 spacecraft implemented a three-orbit autonomous quick return, improving upon the previous five-orbit method, which reduces the return time by over three hours [2] - The transition from ground-based to onboard computation for deorbit control parameters represents a significant advancement in the spacecraft's autonomous capabilities [2] - The GNC system, developed by the 502nd Institute, plays a critical role in ensuring the accuracy and reliability of the spacecraft's return process [1][2] Group 2 - The development of re-entry technology in China's manned space program has progressed from standard ballistic adaptive guidance to adaptive predictive guidance, culminating in the current autonomous quick return method [3] - The ongoing efforts by the 502nd Institute aim to strengthen key core technologies and achieve new heights in manned spaceflight technology [3]

Core Viewpoint - The successful landing of the Shenzhou 21 manned spacecraft marks a significant achievement in China's space exploration efforts, highlighting advancements in human spaceflight capabilities and scientific research in microgravity environments [1] Group 1: Mission Details - The Shenzhou 21 spacecraft returned to Earth on November 14, 2025, at 16:40 Beijing time, landing successfully at the Dongfeng landing site [1] - The spacecraft's return was initiated at 14:49, with the orbital module and return module successfully separating before the return module ignited its braking engine [1] - The search and rescue team promptly located the landing site and confirmed the good health of the three astronauts: Chen Dong, Chen Zhongrui, and Wang Jie [1] Group 2: Astronauts' Achievements - The Shenzhou 20 crew spent a total of 204 days in orbit, setting a new record for the longest single crew duration in space for Chinese astronauts [1] - During their mission, the crew conducted four extravehicular activities and multiple cargo transfer tasks, demonstrating effective collaboration with ground research teams [1] - The mission involved extensive scientific experiments across various fields, including microgravity fundamental physics, space materials science, space life science, aerospace medicine, and aerospace technology [1]

Core Points - The Shenzhou 21 manned spacecraft successfully landed at the Dongfeng landing site on November 14, 2025, at 16:40 Beijing time, marking a significant achievement in China's space exploration efforts [1] - The mission lasted over 200 days, highlighting the challenges and growth experienced during the journey [3] - The success of the mission is attributed to the collective wisdom and efforts of the entire aerospace team, reflecting the advancements made by the country in the field of space exploration [3] Industry Insights - The successful return of the Shenzhou 21 spacecraft demonstrates China's growing capabilities in manned space missions, reinforcing its position in the global aerospace industry [1][3] - The ongoing commitment to space exploration is emphasized, with intentions to continue contributing to the field, indicating a long-term strategy for advancements in aerospace technology [3]

Core Points - Shenzhou 21 manned spacecraft successfully separated from the space station complex on November 14, 2023, at 11:14 AM Beijing time [1] - The crew members of Shenzhou 20, including Chen Dong, Chen Zhongrui, and Wang Jie, are preparing to return home [1] - Shenzhou 20's return capsule was found to have minor cracks in the window glass, likely caused by external impacts from space debris, which does not meet the safety conditions for a manned return [1] Summary by Categories Manned Spacecraft Operations - Shenzhou 21 has successfully completed its separation from the space station, marking a significant milestone in China's manned space program [1] - The crew of Shenzhou 20 will continue to conduct relevant experiments while remaining in orbit due to safety concerns regarding the return capsule [1] Safety and Technical Assessment - A comprehensive evaluation, including photo interpretation, design review, simulation analysis, and wind tunnel tests, led to the conclusion about the cracks in Shenzhou 20's window glass [1] - The identified issue with Shenzhou 20's return capsule emphasizes the importance of safety protocols in manned space missions [1]

Core Points - The implementation of frost-resistant faucets in Taibai County addresses a significant winter water supply issue for local residents, which has historically caused difficulties during cold months [1][2] - The project is supported by China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation, which has invested a total of 1 million yuan in the first phase, installing 1,335 sets of faucets across 12 administrative villages [1] - The technology behind the frost-resistant faucets ensures that water is drained from the pipes when not in use, preventing freezing [2] Investment and Implementation - In 2023, the company continued its investment with an additional 1 million yuan to install 1,400 more frost-resistant faucets [2] - For 2024, the company plans to invest 1.3 million yuan to install 950 faucets and construct or renovate 1,500 water tanks [2] - By 2025, the company will invest 3.4 million yuan to install 3,800 additional frost-resistant faucets in the remaining 37 villages, completing the project for all rural households in Taibai County [2] Community Impact - The project has significantly improved water availability during winter, allowing water storage to maintain 30-40 cubic meters year-round, thus ensuring a stable water supply for residents [2] - The initiative is part of a broader effort to enhance rural living conditions and support local economic revitalization [2]

Core Insights - The article highlights the significant advancements and achievements of China's space station, emphasizing its role in promoting high-level technological self-reliance and innovation in the country [6][7][12]. Group 1: Space Station Operations - The Shenzhou 21 astronaut crew launched from the Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center, marking a new chapter for the Chinese space station [7]. - Since its completion over 1000 days ago, the Chinese space station has supported seven astronaut crews and over 200 space science and application projects, showcasing China's technological capabilities [7][12]. - The space station has undergone various upgrades, including a new wireless communication system and an intelligent material management system, enhancing operational efficiency [8][9]. Group 2: Scientific Research and Experiments - The space station has successfully conducted numerous scientific experiments, including the cultivation of zebrafish and studies on microgravity's effects on vertebrate protein homeostasis [10][11]. - Research projects have exceeded expectations in several basic science fields, leading to innovative outcomes, such as the growth of high-quality indium selenide single crystals in microgravity [12] [11]. - The space station's experimental facilities have been designed to support a wide range of scientific research, with a focus on life sciences, materials science, and new technologies [11][12]. Group 3: Ground Support and Future Plans - The ground support team plays a crucial role in ensuring the stable operation of the space station, providing continuous monitoring and support for various missions [13][14]. - The integration of ground and digital support systems enhances the operational capabilities of the space station, allowing for real-time communication and troubleshooting [14][15]. - Future plans include expanding the capabilities of the space station and developing new missions, such as the "巡天空间望远镜" (巡天 Space Telescope) project [15][16].

Group 1: Core Insights - The Chinese government emphasizes the importance of achieving high-level technological self-reliance and innovation as a pathway to high-quality development [1] - The 20th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China has identified accelerating high-level technological self-reliance as a key theme for economic and social development during the 14th Five-Year Plan period [1] Group 2: Space Station Developments - The Shenzhou 21 mission marks the arrival of new astronauts at the Chinese space station, which has been operational for over 1,000 days [2][3] - The Chinese space station has supported seven astronaut crews and over 200 space science and application projects, showcasing China's technological capabilities [3] Group 3: Technological Advancements - The space station features advanced technologies such as artificial intelligence models, smart robots, and upgraded wireless communication systems to enhance astronaut operations [4][5] - A new core muscle training device has been added to the space station to help astronauts maintain muscle function in microgravity [4] Group 4: Research and Experiments - The space station has successfully conducted various scientific experiments, including the cultivation of zebrafish and studies on the effects of microgravity on biological systems [7][9] - Research projects have yielded significant results, such as the successful growth of high-quality indium selenide single crystals in microgravity, with potential applications in electronics [9] Group 5: Future Plans - The Chinese space station aims to expand its capabilities with more diverse visiting spacecraft and additional docking interfaces [6][13] - The ground support team is committed to maintaining the space station's operations and enhancing its technological capabilities for future missions [10][12]

Core Viewpoint - The successful launch of the Shenzhou-21 manned spacecraft marks a significant advancement in China's space technology, particularly with the implementation of a 3.5-hour autonomous rapid rendezvous and docking process, showcasing innovation in space mission capabilities [1][2]. Group 1: Technological Innovations - The Shenzhou-21 mission challenges the previous docking time of 6.5 hours, aiming for a new record of 3.5 hours, which represents a major leap in space technology innovation [2]. - Key technological optimizations include reducing the number of orbits from three to two during the remote guidance phase, shortening the initial distance for close-range guidance, and unifying the optimization of the final stages of remote and close-range guidance [2]. - The GNC (Guidance, Navigation, and Control) system can switch between 3.5-hour and 6.5-hour docking modes, enhancing flexibility and safety during the mission [2][3]. Group 2: Mission Support Systems - The Long March 2F rocket underwent nearly 20 technical improvements to ensure precise orbital insertion, which is critical for the success of the 3.5-hour docking challenge [4]. - A robust measurement and control system, including global ground stations and space-based data relay satellites, ensures the spacecraft remains on course and connected during its mission [4]. - The docking mechanism developed by the China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation is designed to absorb collision energy and achieve precise capture and locking during the final docking phase [4]. Group 3: Scientific Research Initiatives - The Shenzhou-21 mission is notable for being the first to conduct experiments with rodents in space, specifically four mice, to study their adaptation to microgravity [5][6]. - The primary goal of studying mice in space is to establish a comprehensive experimental system for mammalian space research, focusing on physiological and developmental responses to microgravity [6]. - Additional research includes in-situ studies of lithium-ion batteries in space, which will provide critical insights for future missions [6].