原文发表于《科技导报》2025年第16期科技新闻-深度报道 此项更正同样不大可能平息围绕微软赞助的马约拉纳研究的广泛争议，微软已向该领域投入逾10亿美元资金。2025年2月，当微软宣布其号称全球首款基 于马约拉纳的量子处理芯片时，不仅遭到独立专家的质疑，更引来一群坚定批评者的彻底蔑视。美国马里兰大学凝聚态理论家Jay Sau表示："这是科学、 社交媒体和企业相互交织下过度狂热的产物。毫无疑问，所有这些争议已让'马约拉纳'这个词笼罩在有毒的阴云之中。" 与必须设置为0或1的经典比特不同，量子比特可以处于0和1状态共存的"叠加态"。理论上，利用这种特性的设备可以在某些领域（如密码破译和高级化学 模拟）超越经典计算机。 但量子比特本身非常脆弱，任何微小干扰都可能使其精心构建的叠加态坍缩。这正是微软等机构致力于开发拓扑量子比特的原因，该技术通过空间分布量 子态来抵御局部噪声干扰。例如，若研究人员能在超细纳米线的原子晶格内以特定方式排列电子和带正电的"空穴"，单个电子会呈现被撕裂成两半的状 态，并分别向导线两端移动。这种分裂效应应能使这些半电子量子比特表现出自身反粒子的特性（该特性以20世纪初意大利物理学家Ettore ...

Core Viewpoint - Nvidia's recent investment in quantum computing, particularly in PsiQuantum, signifies a strategic move to enhance its position in the rapidly evolving quantum technology landscape, aiming to integrate quantum capabilities with its existing GPU architecture [4][5][11]. Group 1: Nvidia's Quantum Computing Strategy - Nvidia's CEO Jensen Huang initially projected a 20-year timeline for practical quantum computers but later retracted this statement, acknowledging a misjudgment and announcing the establishment of a quantum research center [4][10]. - The company is engaging in late-stage investment negotiations with PsiQuantum, participating in a $750 million funding round led by BlackRock, which would elevate PsiQuantum's post-investment valuation to $6 billion [5][9]. - This investment aligns with Nvidia's strategy of leveraging small investments for high leverage in the potential trillion-dollar quantum market [16]. Group 2: PsiQuantum Overview - Founded in 2016, PsiQuantum has become the highest-valued quantum startup, with a valuation exceeding $3 billion in 2021 and potentially reaching $6 billion with the latest funding [6][9]. - The founding team, primarily from the University of Bristol, has a strong background in quantum research, focusing on scalable, fault-tolerant quantum computing using photonic technology [7][8]. - PsiQuantum's approach aims to transition laboratory technology into mass-produced products, setting it apart from other quantum startups [8][10]. Group 3: Market Dynamics and Competition - The global quantum computing market is currently dominated by superconducting technology, which accounts for 62% of the hardware market, while PsiQuantum's photonic approach represents a unique alternative [18]. - The quantum computing sector is experiencing significant growth, with the Chinese market projected to reach 11.56 billion yuan by 2025, growing at an annual rate exceeding 30% [19][20]. - Major tech companies like IBM, Google, and Microsoft are also heavily investing in quantum computing, indicating a competitive landscape where Nvidia must innovate to maintain its market position [12][13]. Group 4: Government Support and Future Prospects - PsiQuantum has established strong relationships with various governments, securing funding for quantum projects, including a $940 million investment from the Australian government for deploying commercial quantum computers by 2029 [10][15]. - The Chinese government has recognized quantum technology as a core area for development, with multiple provinces outlining support for quantum initiatives in their 2025 work reports [20][21]. - The ongoing competition between photonic and superconducting technologies will be crucial for the future of quantum computing, with companies needing to balance technological breakthroughs with practical applications [21].

Core Viewpoint - The article discusses the latest advancements in quantum computing, highlighting Amazon Web Services (AWS) and its new Ocelot quantum computing chip, which represents a significant step towards building fault-tolerant quantum computers capable of solving complex problems that traditional computers cannot address [1]. Group 1: Ocelot Chip Development - The Ocelot chip was developed by the AWS Quantum Computing Center at Caltech, utilizing a novel quantum error correction method [2]. - The AWS Quantum Computing Center was established in 2019 with the ambitious goal of creating a fault-tolerant quantum computer capable of large-scale precise computations [4]. - The collaboration involves Amazon, Caltech, and other leading academic institutions to accelerate the development of quantum technology and applications [4]. Group 2: Challenges in Quantum Computing - One of the major challenges in quantum computing is maintaining the stability and fidelity of quantum bits (qubits) while increasing their quantity [6]. - Quantum error correction is crucial for building reliable quantum computers, but current methods require a large number of qubits, making them cost-prohibitive [6]. Group 3: Innovations in Ocelot Chip - AWS researchers have integrated error correction directly into the architecture of the Ocelot chip, prioritizing quantum error correction from the outset [8]. - The Ocelot chip features "cat qubits," which can suppress certain types of errors, potentially reducing the resources needed for quantum error correction by up to 90% compared to current methods [9]. - The resources required to scale Ocelot into a mature quantum computer capable of transformative societal impact are estimated to be only one-tenth of those needed for standard quantum error correction methods [9]. Group 4: Technical Specifications - The Ocelot chip is a prototype consisting of two integrated silicon microchips, each approximately 1 cm² in area, connected electrically [12]. - It comprises 14 core components: 5 data qubits (cat qubits), 5 "buffer circuits" for stabilizing cat qubits, and 4 additional qubits for error detection [12]. Group 5: Competitive Landscape - The release of the Ocelot chip coincides with significant activities in the quantum computing field, including Google's Willow chip, which has 105 qubits and demonstrates breakthroughs in quantum error correction [12]. - Microsoft's Majorana 1 chip, utilizing a topological qubit architecture, aims to enhance stability and scalability, addressing key challenges in the field [12]. - These advancements highlight the intense competition among major players in quantum computing, with different approaches to achieving quantum supremacy [13].