位于天鹅座的微类星体 Cygnus X-1 ，是最早发现的微类星体之一。不同颜色表示了拉索测到的伽马 射线强度，红色 - 黄色 - 白色表现了强度由弱到强的变化。研究团队供图 拉索测量到宇宙线质子的能谱，与阿尔法磁谱仪 2 和悟空号等空间探测器一起，揭示了宇宙线存在 低能、中能和高能三个组分，暗示了银河宇宙线的多种来源特征。拉索测到的高能组分很有可能来自于 图中右上方显示的微类星体，而更低能量的宇宙线质子更可能来自传统的超新星遗迹的加速。左上方展 示的是拉索最新发现的一个超新星高能伽马辐射。研究团队供图 位于南天区的微类星体 V4641 Sgr ，是拉索测到的具有最高能量的伽马射线源。不同颜色表示了拉 索测到的伽马射线强度，红色 - 黄色 - 白色表现了强度由弱到强的变化，右下的放大图显示了黑洞附近的 x- 射线照片，显示了喷流可能的方向和长度。研究团队供图 距离地球最近的著名微类星体 SS 433 。中央绿色的等高线显示出黑洞附近吸积过程产生的 x 射线分 布，左右两侧比较对称的等高线显示了喷流端头粒子加速区发出的 x 射线分布，与之对应，红色表征了 拉索测到的 TeV 伽马射线辐射分布。靠近中上的黄色显示 ...

Core Insights - The discovery by China's LHAASO challenges the long-held belief that black holes are merely "consumers" of matter, revealing them as sources of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays [1][2] - The research published in "National Science Review" and "Science Bulletin" provides insights into the formation of cosmic rays and identifies black holes as "super particle accelerators" [1][3] Group 1: Cosmic Rays and Black Holes - Cosmic rays are high-energy charged particles from space, primarily composed of protons and atomic nuclei, carrying significant information about the universe's origins and evolution [1] - The study identifies five micro-quasars, including SS 433 and V4641 Sgr, as sources of ultra-high-energy gamma rays, with SS 433's energy peak exceeding 1 PeV [2][3] - The energy output from these black holes is likened to the release of energy equivalent to four hundred trillion hydrogen bombs [2] Group 2: The "Knee" Phenomenon - The "knee" in cosmic ray energy distribution, observed at around 3 PeV, has puzzled scientists for nearly 70 years, with previous theories suggesting a limit to the acceleration capabilities of cosmic ray sources [3] - LHAASO's measurements have provided a breakthrough, revealing that the proton energy spectrum at the "knee" is not a simple bend but shows a new high-energy component [3] - This discovery indicates the presence of multiple types of acceleration sources within the Milky Way, each with unique acceleration capabilities and energy ranges [3]

Core Insights - The discovery by China's LHAASO observatory challenges the long-held belief that black holes are merely destructive entities, revealing them as sources of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays [1][2] - The research published in "National Science Review" and "Science Bulletin" provides insights into the formation of cosmic rays and identifies black holes as "super particle accelerators" [1][3] Group 1: Findings on Cosmic Rays - Cosmic rays are high-energy charged particles from space, primarily composed of protons and atomic nuclei, carrying significant information about the universe's origins and evolution [1] - The LHAASO observatory identified five micro-quasars, including SS 433 and V4641 Sgr, as sources of ultra-high-energy gamma rays, with SS 433's energy peak exceeding 1 PeV [2] - The energy output from these black holes is immense, with SS 433's energy comparable to the release of four hundred trillion hydrogen bombs [2] Group 2: Understanding the "Knee" Phenomenon - The "knee" in cosmic ray energy distribution, observed at around 3 PeV, has puzzled scientists for nearly 70 years, with previous theories suggesting a limit to the acceleration capabilities of cosmic ray sources [3] - LHAASO's advanced detection capabilities allowed for precise measurement of proton spectra in the "knee" region, revealing a new high-energy component rather than a simple bend [3] - This breakthrough indicates the presence of multiple types of acceleration sources within the Milky Way, each with unique acceleration capabilities and energy ranges, providing a new understanding of cosmic ray origins [3]

Core Insights - The latest findings from the High Altitude Cosmic Ray Observatory (LHAASO) indicate that cosmic ray protons in the PeV energy range primarily originate from microquasars, providing significant observational evidence for understanding the role of black holes in the origin of cosmic rays [1][2] Group 1: Cosmic Rays and Their Sources - Cosmic rays are high-energy particle streams from space that carry information about their astrophysical environments [1] - A critical turning point in the energy distribution of cosmic rays occurs around 3 PeV, where the number of cosmic rays sharply decreases, referred to as the "knee" [1] - Previous beliefs attributed cosmic rays to supernova remnants, but it has been found that they struggle to accelerate particles to energies above the "knee" [1] Group 2: Role of Microquasars - Microquasars, formed when black holes in binary systems accrete material from companion stars, are identified as significant PeV particle accelerators [2] - LHAASO has systematically detected ultra-high-energy gamma rays from five microquasars, highlighting their importance in the Milky Way [2] Group 3: LHAASO's Contributions - The High Altitude Cosmic Ray Observatory is designed, constructed, and operated by Chinese scientists, achieving globally impactful breakthroughs in gamma-ray astronomy and cosmic ray measurements [2] - The recent discoveries enhance the understanding of black holes' contributions to the origin of cosmic rays [2]

Core Insights - The LHAASO (Large High Altitude Air Shower Observatory) has made a significant discovery regarding microquasars, which are powerful particle accelerators formed by the interaction of black holes and companion stars, capable of accelerating cosmic rays to energies above the "knee" threshold, providing crucial observational evidence for the role of black holes in the origin of cosmic rays [1][6]. Group 1: Discovery and Research Findings - The latest research led by the Institute of High Energy Physics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences has been published in international academic journals, indicating that microquasars can accelerate cosmic rays to high energies [1][2]. - LHAASO has captured ultra-high-energy gamma-ray signals from five microquasars, revealing that the particle energies producing these gamma rays are located in the "knee" region of the cosmic ray energy spectrum [6][4]. - This discovery suggests that there are multiple types of particle accelerators in the Milky Way, with microquasars having a significantly higher acceleration limit than supernova remnants, thus becoming a new source of high-energy cosmic rays [6][4]. Group 2: Understanding Cosmic Rays - Cosmic rays are charged particles from outer space, primarily composed of various atomic nuclei, and are considered messengers of cosmic events [4]. - The energy spectrum of cosmic rays shows a critical turning point at approximately 30 trillion electron volts, where the number of cosmic rays suddenly decreases, referred to as the "knee" [4]. - Previous theories suggested that cosmic rays originated from supernova remnants, but observations indicate that these remnants struggle to accelerate particles to energies above the "knee" [4][6]. Group 3: Implications of the Findings - The findings from LHAASO not only address the long-standing mystery of the formation of the cosmic ray "knee" but also link this structure to specific celestial bodies, namely black hole jet systems, opening new avenues for understanding extreme physical processes in the universe [6][7]. - LHAASO continues to contribute to scientific endeavors, expanding the boundaries of human knowledge with globally impactful breakthroughs [7].

Core Concept - The article discusses the theoretical concept of white holes, which are the opposite of black holes, and explores their potential existence and implications in the universe [1][2][5]. Group 1: Black Holes - Black holes are formed when a massive star collapses within a critical radius, creating a region from which nothing, not even light, can escape [3]. - The existence of black holes was once doubted, but observational evidence since 1971 has confirmed their presence in the universe [3][4]. - The first image of a supermassive black hole was released in 2019, providing visual evidence of their existence [3]. Group 2: White Holes - White holes theoretically expel matter and energy, preventing anything from entering, and are mathematically related to black holes, differing only in the direction of time [3][4]. - There is currently no observational evidence for the existence of white holes, and some scientists question their formation mechanisms [5]. - Some theories suggest that white holes could explain certain cosmic phenomena, such as the energy output of quasars or the origin of the universe itself [5]. Group 3: Theoretical Implications - Theories propose that black holes and white holes may be connected by wormholes, allowing for the possibility of interstellar travel [4]. - A new hypothesis suggests that when matter is compressed in a black hole, it could undergo a quantum rebound, potentially transforming into a white hole [6]. - If this theory holds true, every black hole in the universe could eventually become a white hole [6]. Group 4: Future Prospects - There is hope that white holes may one day be discovered, potentially opening a gateway to deeper exploration of the universe [7].

Group 1 - The article discusses the theoretical concept of white holes, which are considered the opposite of black holes, expelling matter and energy instead of absorbing them [2][3]. - Black holes were once doubted in their existence until observational evidence, such as the detection of a black hole in the Cygnus X-1 system in 1971, confirmed their presence [2][3]. - The mathematical relationship between black holes and white holes suggests that they share the same properties, with the only difference being the direction of time [2][3]. Group 2 - There is currently no observational evidence supporting the existence of white holes, and some scientists argue that there is no reasonable mechanism for their formation [4]. - Some theories propose that white holes could explain certain cosmic phenomena, such as the energy output of quasars or even the origin of the universe, but these ideas lack observational support [4]. - A new hypothesis suggests that black holes could transform into white holes through a process of quantum rebound when matter is compressed to its limits, potentially allowing every black hole in the universe to become a white hole in the future [5].

Core Insights - The Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) collaboration released new images of the supermassive black hole M87*, revealing dynamic changes in polarization patterns and the first signs of extended radiation connecting the black hole's ring structure to the base of its jets [1][3]. Group 1: Observational Findings - M87* is located approximately 55 million light-years from Earth and has a mass over 6 billion times that of the Sun [1]. - The EHT collaboration conducted observations in 2017, 2018, and 2021, comparing the results to identify changes in polarization direction [1][3]. - Notable changes in polarization direction were observed from 2017 to 2021, with a complete reversal of the magnetic field direction by 2021 [1][3]. Group 2: Scientific Implications - The observed polarization changes may result from a combination of internal magnetic structures and external factors, indicating a turbulent and evolving environment around the black hole [3]. - The stability of the black hole's shadow size over the years supports Einstein's predictions, while the significant changes in polarization suggest a dynamic and complex magnetized plasma near the event horizon [3][4]. - The EHT's enhanced observational capabilities in 2021, including new telescopes, allowed for the first determination of the radiation direction at the base of M87*'s relativistic jets [3]. Group 3: Broader Context - Jets like those from M87 play a crucial role in galaxy evolution by regulating star formation and distributing energy on a large scale, providing a "natural laboratory" for studying cosmic phenomena [4].

Group 1 - The launch of the "blind box dinner" initiative in Shanghai's Liangcheng New Village community provides affordable meals at 10 yuan, promoting food respect and reducing waste [2] - The "Dongfang Cable Ultra HD AI Upgrade Action" allows Shanghai residents to search for ultra-high-definition TV programs in Shanghai dialect through AI, enhancing local media accessibility [2] - The successful double lung transplant surgery for a young patient in Shanghai marks a significant medical achievement in treating pulmonary hypertension [4] Group 2 - The Zhangjiang Artificial Intelligence Innovation Town was officially inaugurated, showcasing its overall planning, application scenarios, and innovative ecosystem [4] - The release of the 2025 Global Innovation Index by the World Intellectual Property Organization ranks China among the top ten, maintaining a leading position among middle-income economies [6] - The Ministry of Commerce and other departments have issued policies to boost service consumption and expand domestic demand [4]

Core Insights - The dialogue between Zhang Chaoyang and David Tong covers significant advancements in physics, emphasizing the importance of basic science communication in the internet age [2][3][10] Group 1: Classical Physics - The discussion begins with classical physics, highlighting Newton's contributions and the historical context of his work, including the near-miss of his recognition as the founder of classical mechanics [4] - The conversation touches on the transition in understanding fluid mechanics, particularly how the Navier-Stokes equations initially misled perceptions of flight before the significance of viscosity was recognized [5] Group 2: Electromagnetism and Quantum Mechanics - The evolution of electromagnetism is discussed, particularly the foundational role of Maxwell's equations and their stability over time [6] - The establishment of quantum mechanics is noted as a revolutionary moment in physics, with emphasis on Heisenberg's contributions and the significance of discrete energy levels [7] Group 3: Cosmology and Extraterrestrial Life - The dialogue explores the mysteries of the universe, including black holes and the implications of gravitational wave discoveries, which challenge existing theories about black hole formation [8][9] - The probability of extraterrestrial life is debated, with a focus on the vastness of the universe and the challenges of life formation [9] Group 4: Science Communication and Education - The importance of rigorous mathematical thinking in science education is emphasized, with a call for effective science communication that does not shy away from complex formulas [10] - The potential of social media for science dissemination is highlighted, suggesting that physicists could leverage personal platforms for public education and engagement [11]