从牛顿经典物体运动出发，深入广义相对论的光线弯曲原理，再通过光线追踪技术，在Blender中实现了完整的黑洞模拟——引力透镜、爱因斯坦环、光子球阴影、多普勒效应、引力红移，一个不落。最终渲染出的黑洞图像与M87*真实照片（Event Horizon Telescope拍摄）高度吻合，甚至还原了吸积盘的不对称亮度分布。这不是巧合，这是广义相对论的胜利。 章节时间轴： 00:00 开场 — 为什么要手搓黑洞 00:27 等效原理 — 光线为什么会弯曲 04:47 测地线和度规 — 时空的测量尺 07:45 史瓦西度规 — 黑洞的数学描述 12:21 光线偏折 — 广义相对论的核心公式 17:26 光线追踪 — 从理论到渲染 19:46 黑洞模拟 — Blender实现全流程 21:03 爱因斯坦环 — 引力透镜的震撼效果 23:35 黑洞吸积盘 — 最具美感的黑洞 26:58 多普勒效应 — 吸积盘的不对称亮度 27:39 引力红移 — 黑洞阴影的成因 28:05 对比M87 — 模拟vs真实照片 29:15 结尾 — 我们看到的不是黑洞本身 使用的工具与技术： • Blender（几何节点） • 广义相对论（爱 ...

来源：科技日报 科技日报记者 张佳欣 银河系中心可能并非传统意义上的超大质量黑洞，而是一团能够产生类似引力效应的暗物质。一个国际 天文学家团队提出，由费米子组成的暗物质核心，可能同时解释银河系中心高速运行的恒星轨道，以及 银河系外围物质的大尺度旋转行为。这项挑战了主流理论的研究成果发表于最新一期《皇家天文学会月 刊》。 长期以来，天文学界普遍认为，人马座A*是一颗位于银河系中心的超大质量黑洞，其强大引力主导着 附近恒星的运动。特别是一组被称为"S星"的恒星，以每秒数千公里的速度绕中心运行，其被视为黑洞 存在的重要证据。 团队结合了欧洲航天局"盖亚"任务第三次数据发布的最新观测结果。"盖亚"任务对银河系外晕进行了精 细测绘，显示远离中心的恒星和气体运动呈现"开普勒式下降"，即旋转速度随距离增加而逐渐减慢。团 队认为，这一现象与其提出的暗物质模型相符，并与银河系中普通物质（如盘面和核球）的分布一起， 可以解释整体结构。 阿根廷拉普拉塔天体物理研究所卡洛斯·阿尔圭列斯表示，这是首次有暗物质模型能够同时解释银河系 中心小尺度现象与星系大尺度结构。该模型并非简单用暗物质替代黑洞，而是认为银河系中心的超大质 量天体与暗物 ...

Core Insights - The recent findings from the LHAASO (High Altitude Cosmic Ray Observatory) reveal that black holes, particularly microquasars, are significant sources of high-energy cosmic rays, challenging traditional views of black holes as mere absorbers of matter [6][9][10] - The research indicates that microquasars can accelerate protons to the PeV energy range, contributing to the understanding of cosmic ray origins and the mechanisms behind high-energy particle acceleration [10][12] Group 1: Discoveries Related to Black Holes - The LHAASO has identified microquasars as powerful particle accelerators within the Milky Way, capable of accelerating protons to energies exceeding 1 PeV [9][10] - The study highlights that the cosmic ray proton energy spectrum shows unexpected high-energy components, suggesting black holes as potential sources [10][11] - The findings provide a new perspective on black holes, revealing their role in producing high-energy particles rather than solely consuming surrounding matter [9][10] Group 2: Methodology and Observations - LHAASO utilized advanced ground-based observational techniques to measure cosmic ray spectra, achieving precision comparable to satellite experiments [12][14] - The observatory's design allows for the detection of both cosmic ray sources and the precise measurement of cosmic ray particles, linking the observed high-energy emissions to specific astrophysical phenomena [14][15] - The research successfully correlates the knee structure in cosmic ray energy distribution with specific types of celestial bodies, particularly black hole jet systems [15][16] Group 3: Implications for Future Research - The discoveries pave the way for further exploration of cosmic ray origins, with expectations of identifying additional black holes contributing to high-energy cosmic rays [15][16] - The findings may inspire new approaches in high-energy physics, potentially leading to experimental simulations of cosmic processes in laboratory settings [16][17] - The research emphasizes the importance of continued observation and theoretical development to understand the universe's high-energy phenomena [16][17]

Core Insights - The discovery by China's LHAASO challenges the long-held belief that black holes are merely "consumers" of matter, revealing them as sources of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays [1][2] - The research published in "National Science Review" and "Science Bulletin" provides insights into the formation of cosmic rays and identifies black holes as "super particle accelerators" [1][3] Group 1: Cosmic Rays and Black Holes - Cosmic rays are high-energy charged particles from space, primarily composed of protons and atomic nuclei, carrying significant information about the universe's origins and evolution [1] - The study identifies five micro-quasars, including SS 433 and V4641 Sgr, as sources of ultra-high-energy gamma rays, with SS 433's energy peak exceeding 1 PeV [2][3] - The energy output from these black holes is likened to the release of energy equivalent to four hundred trillion hydrogen bombs [2] Group 2: The "Knee" Phenomenon - The "knee" in cosmic ray energy distribution, observed at around 3 PeV, has puzzled scientists for nearly 70 years, with previous theories suggesting a limit to the acceleration capabilities of cosmic ray sources [3] - LHAASO's measurements have provided a breakthrough, revealing that the proton energy spectrum at the "knee" is not a simple bend but shows a new high-energy component [3] - This discovery indicates the presence of multiple types of acceleration sources within the Milky Way, each with unique acceleration capabilities and energy ranges [3]

Core Insights - The discovery by China's LHAASO observatory challenges the long-held belief that black holes are merely destructive entities, revealing them as sources of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays [1][2] - The research published in "National Science Review" and "Science Bulletin" provides insights into the formation of cosmic rays and identifies black holes as "super particle accelerators" [1][3] Group 1: Findings on Cosmic Rays - Cosmic rays are high-energy charged particles from space, primarily composed of protons and atomic nuclei, carrying significant information about the universe's origins and evolution [1] - The LHAASO observatory identified five micro-quasars, including SS 433 and V4641 Sgr, as sources of ultra-high-energy gamma rays, with SS 433's energy peak exceeding 1 PeV [2] - The energy output from these black holes is immense, with SS 433's energy comparable to the release of four hundred trillion hydrogen bombs [2] Group 2: Understanding the "Knee" Phenomenon - The "knee" in cosmic ray energy distribution, observed at around 3 PeV, has puzzled scientists for nearly 70 years, with previous theories suggesting a limit to the acceleration capabilities of cosmic ray sources [3] - LHAASO's advanced detection capabilities allowed for precise measurement of proton spectra in the "knee" region, revealing a new high-energy component rather than a simple bend [3] - This breakthrough indicates the presence of multiple types of acceleration sources within the Milky Way, each with unique acceleration capabilities and energy ranges, providing a new understanding of cosmic ray origins [3]

Core Insights - The latest findings from the High Altitude Cosmic Ray Observatory (LHAASO) indicate that cosmic ray protons in the PeV energy range primarily originate from microquasars, providing significant observational evidence for understanding the role of black holes in the origin of cosmic rays [1][2] Group 1: Cosmic Rays and Their Sources - Cosmic rays are high-energy particle streams from space that carry information about their astrophysical environments [1] - A critical turning point in the energy distribution of cosmic rays occurs around 3 PeV, where the number of cosmic rays sharply decreases, referred to as the "knee" [1] - Previous beliefs attributed cosmic rays to supernova remnants, but it has been found that they struggle to accelerate particles to energies above the "knee" [1] Group 2: Role of Microquasars - Microquasars, formed when black holes in binary systems accrete material from companion stars, are identified as significant PeV particle accelerators [2] - LHAASO has systematically detected ultra-high-energy gamma rays from five microquasars, highlighting their importance in the Milky Way [2] Group 3: LHAASO's Contributions - The High Altitude Cosmic Ray Observatory is designed, constructed, and operated by Chinese scientists, achieving globally impactful breakthroughs in gamma-ray astronomy and cosmic ray measurements [2] - The recent discoveries enhance the understanding of black holes' contributions to the origin of cosmic rays [2]

Core Insights - The LHAASO (Large High Altitude Air Shower Observatory) has made a significant discovery regarding microquasars, which are powerful particle accelerators formed by the interaction of black holes and companion stars, capable of accelerating cosmic rays to energies above the "knee" threshold, providing crucial observational evidence for the role of black holes in the origin of cosmic rays [1][6]. Group 1: Discovery and Research Findings - The latest research led by the Institute of High Energy Physics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences has been published in international academic journals, indicating that microquasars can accelerate cosmic rays to high energies [1][2]. - LHAASO has captured ultra-high-energy gamma-ray signals from five microquasars, revealing that the particle energies producing these gamma rays are located in the "knee" region of the cosmic ray energy spectrum [6][4]. - This discovery suggests that there are multiple types of particle accelerators in the Milky Way, with microquasars having a significantly higher acceleration limit than supernova remnants, thus becoming a new source of high-energy cosmic rays [6][4]. Group 2: Understanding Cosmic Rays - Cosmic rays are charged particles from outer space, primarily composed of various atomic nuclei, and are considered messengers of cosmic events [4]. - The energy spectrum of cosmic rays shows a critical turning point at approximately 30 trillion electron volts, where the number of cosmic rays suddenly decreases, referred to as the "knee" [4]. - Previous theories suggested that cosmic rays originated from supernova remnants, but observations indicate that these remnants struggle to accelerate particles to energies above the "knee" [4][6]. Group 3: Implications of the Findings - The findings from LHAASO not only address the long-standing mystery of the formation of the cosmic ray "knee" but also link this structure to specific celestial bodies, namely black hole jet systems, opening new avenues for understanding extreme physical processes in the universe [6][7]. - LHAASO continues to contribute to scientific endeavors, expanding the boundaries of human knowledge with globally impactful breakthroughs [7].

Core Concept - The article discusses the theoretical concept of white holes, which are the opposite of black holes, and explores their potential existence and implications in the universe [1][2][5]. Group 1: Black Holes - Black holes are formed when a massive star collapses within a critical radius, creating a region from which nothing, not even light, can escape [3]. - The existence of black holes was once doubted, but observational evidence since 1971 has confirmed their presence in the universe [3][4]. - The first image of a supermassive black hole was released in 2019, providing visual evidence of their existence [3]. Group 2: White Holes - White holes theoretically expel matter and energy, preventing anything from entering, and are mathematically related to black holes, differing only in the direction of time [3][4]. - There is currently no observational evidence for the existence of white holes, and some scientists question their formation mechanisms [5]. - Some theories suggest that white holes could explain certain cosmic phenomena, such as the energy output of quasars or the origin of the universe itself [5]. Group 3: Theoretical Implications - Theories propose that black holes and white holes may be connected by wormholes, allowing for the possibility of interstellar travel [4]. - A new hypothesis suggests that when matter is compressed in a black hole, it could undergo a quantum rebound, potentially transforming into a white hole [6]. - If this theory holds true, every black hole in the universe could eventually become a white hole [6]. Group 4: Future Prospects - There is hope that white holes may one day be discovered, potentially opening a gateway to deeper exploration of the universe [7].

Group 1 - The article discusses the theoretical concept of white holes, which are considered the opposite of black holes, expelling matter and energy instead of absorbing them [2][3]. - Black holes were once doubted in their existence until observational evidence, such as the detection of a black hole in the Cygnus X-1 system in 1971, confirmed their presence [2][3]. - The mathematical relationship between black holes and white holes suggests that they share the same properties, with the only difference being the direction of time [2][3]. Group 2 - There is currently no observational evidence supporting the existence of white holes, and some scientists argue that there is no reasonable mechanism for their formation [4]. - Some theories propose that white holes could explain certain cosmic phenomena, such as the energy output of quasars or even the origin of the universe, but these ideas lack observational support [4]. - A new hypothesis suggests that black holes could transform into white holes through a process of quantum rebound when matter is compressed to its limits, potentially allowing every black hole in the universe to become a white hole in the future [5].

Core Insights - The Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) collaboration released new images of the supermassive black hole M87*, revealing dynamic changes in polarization patterns and the first signs of extended radiation connecting the black hole's ring structure to the base of its jets [1][3]. Group 1: Observational Findings - M87* is located approximately 55 million light-years from Earth and has a mass over 6 billion times that of the Sun [1]. - The EHT collaboration conducted observations in 2017, 2018, and 2021, comparing the results to identify changes in polarization direction [1][3]. - Notable changes in polarization direction were observed from 2017 to 2021, with a complete reversal of the magnetic field direction by 2021 [1][3]. Group 2: Scientific Implications - The observed polarization changes may result from a combination of internal magnetic structures and external factors, indicating a turbulent and evolving environment around the black hole [3]. - The stability of the black hole's shadow size over the years supports Einstein's predictions, while the significant changes in polarization suggest a dynamic and complex magnetized plasma near the event horizon [3][4]. - The EHT's enhanced observational capabilities in 2021, including new telescopes, allowed for the first determination of the radiation direction at the base of M87*'s relativistic jets [3]. Group 3: Broader Context - Jets like those from M87 play a crucial role in galaxy evolution by regulating star formation and distributing energy on a large scale, providing a "natural laboratory" for studying cosmic phenomena [4].