转自：看台海 2025年中国航天发射次数创历史新高 记者从国家航天局获悉，2025年，我国在载人航天、深空探测、商业航天等领域完成多项突破，实现多个首次。2025年，中国航天全年发射次数达到92 次，创历史新高。2025年，神舟二十号乘组在轨执行任务204天，创下中国载人航天史上最长在轨时长纪录。神舟二十一号创造3.5小时快速交会对接纪 录。面对神舟二十号载人飞船出现的突发情况，首次成功实施"16天应急发射"，展现了中国载人航天应对突发事件的应急响应能力。天问二号启程执行我 国首次小行星探测与采样返回任务，中国人探索深空的脚步不断拓展。2025年，多型商业火箭密集发射，商业航天的蓬勃发展为中国航天事业注入了强劲 动能。 我国创新药对外授权首破千亿美元 记者1月3日从国家药监局获悉，2025年我国创新药对外授权交易总金额超过1300亿美元，授权交易数量超过150笔。2025年我国批准上市的创新药76个， 创历史新高。我国新药研发数量目前位列全球第二。 2026"购在中国"暨新春消费季启动 北京时间1月3日，执行中国第42次南极考察任务的"雪龙"号完成秦岭站物资卸运、人员登陆工作和航空摄影、海洋测绘等科考工作，启 ...

Core Insights - China's manned space program continues to achieve significant milestones, with successful missions and advancements in space station operations, showcasing the nation's commitment to space exploration and technology development [1][5][44] Group 1: Manned Space Missions - The Shenzhou 20 manned spacecraft was successfully launched on April 24, marking the 20th mission in the Shenzhou program and the 35th launch since the program's inception [5] - The crew for this mission included Chen Dong, Chen Zhongrui, and Wang Jie, with Chen Dong serving as the commander [9] - The Shenzhou 19 mission concluded successfully on April 30, with astronauts returning safely after completing their tasks [13] Group 2: Space Station Operations - The Shenzhou 20 crew successfully docked with the Chinese space station, marking the 6th "space reunion" in China's space history [12] - During their stay, the crew conducted three extravehicular activities, setting a world record for the longest single extravehicular activity by astronauts at 9 hours [16] - The crew completed over 90 tasks related to space station construction and maintenance, and conducted more than 80 scientific experiments [16] Group 3: Scientific Research and Experiments - The Tianzhou 8 cargo spacecraft successfully re-entered the atmosphere on July 9, delivering supplies for 36 scientific experiments, including a groundbreaking study on fruit flies in microgravity [20] - The Tianzhou 9 mission launched on July 15, carrying approximately 6.5 tons of supplies, setting a new record for cargo weight delivered to the space station [23] - The Shenzhou 21 mission, launched on October 31, marked the first time rodents were sent to the Chinese space station for research [28] Group 4: Emergency Response and Future Outlook - The Shenzhou 22 mission, launched on November 25, was China's first emergency launch, responding to a potential threat from space debris [44] - The rapid response and coordination among various teams during the emergency launch provided a successful model for handling unexpected events in international space exploration [44] - The industry looks forward to continued advancements and achievements in 2026, building on the successes of the current missions [44]

Core Points - The Shenzhou-22 spacecraft was successfully launched on November 25, marking China's first emergency manned space mission [2] - The Shenzhou-21 spacecraft was launched on October 31, and subsequently docked with the space station, allowing the crews of Shenzhou-21 and Shenzhou-20 to meet in space [2] - The return of the Shenzhou-20 crew was delayed due to the discovery of fine cracks in the return capsule's window, suspected to be caused by micro-debris in space, pushing the return date to November 14 [2] Summary by Sections - **Launch Events** - Shenzhou-22 was launched successfully as an emergency mission [2] - Shenzhou-21 was launched on October 31 and docked with the space station [2] - **Crew Operations** - The crews of Shenzhou-21 and Shenzhou-20 met in space [2] - The return of Shenzhou-20 was delayed due to safety checks [2] - **Technical Issues** - Fine cracks were found in the Shenzhou-20 return capsule's window, leading to concerns about space debris [2]

Core Viewpoint - The successful landing of the Shenzhou-21 manned spacecraft marks a significant advancement in China's re-entry and return technology, achieving a new level of system reliability with a reduced return time of over 3 hours compared to previous missions [1] Group 1: Re-entry Control - The Shenzhou series spacecraft are developed by the China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation, with the GNC system acting as the "intelligent driver" responsible for flight control from launch to re-entry [2] - Re-entry control involves two main aspects: orbital departure control and atmospheric re-entry control, with the latter focusing on lift control within the atmosphere [2] Group 2: Transition from 5 Orbits to 3 Orbits - The shift from a 5-orbit to a 3-orbit return strategy enhances the efficiency and emergency response capability of the Shenzhou spacecraft, with onboard computers now autonomously calculating departure control parameters [3] - Multiple verification processes were conducted to ensure the accuracy of the autonomous calculations, confirming the spacecraft's ability to return to Earth with high precision [3] Group 3: Significance of 3-Orbit Autonomous Quick Return - The implementation of the 3-orbit autonomous quick return significantly improves the spacecraft's ability to handle major faults during autonomous flight and docking phases [4] - The reduction in return time from the space station to Earth demonstrates the stability and reliability of China's re-entry technology, showcasing over 30 years of development in this field [4]

Group 1: Scientific Discoveries - China's research team discovered five micro-quasars in the Milky Way that emit ultra-high-energy particle streams, providing significant insights into black holes and cosmic rays [1][5][6] - The phenomenon known as the "knee" structure in the cosmic ray energy spectrum, which has puzzled scientists for nearly 70 years, has been linked to these micro-quasars [4][5] Group 2: Lunar Research - The Chinese National Space Administration announced a breakthrough in lunar research, identifying micro-sized hematite and magnetite crystals from samples collected by the Chang'e 6 mission, revealing new mechanisms of lunar oxidation [6][9] Group 3: Military Developments - The first sea trial of China's 076 amphibious assault ship, the Sichuan, was successfully completed, demonstrating its capabilities and innovative technologies such as electromagnetic catapults [9][11][13] Group 4: Space Missions - The Shenzhou 21 manned spacecraft successfully landed, with the crew having spent 204 days in orbit, setting a new record for the longest single crew duration in space for China [15][16][18] Group 5: Renewable Energy Innovations - China's first high-altitude wind energy project, featuring the world's largest 5000 square meter wind energy capturing parachute, successfully completed its test, marking significant progress in harnessing high-altitude wind energy [21][23][25] Group 6: 6G Technology Development - China has completed the first phase of 6G technology trials, developing over 300 key technology reserves and entering the international standard research phase, with commercial deployment expected around 2030 [25]

Core Viewpoint - The successful landing of the Shenzhou-21 manned spacecraft marks a significant advancement in China's re-entry and return technology, achieving a new level of system reliability with a reduced return time of over 3 hours compared to previous missions [1] Group 1: Re-entry Control - The re-entry control of the spacecraft is managed by the Guidance, Navigation, and Control (GNC) system, which acts as the "intelligent driver" for the spacecraft, overseeing the entire flight control process from launch to return [2] - The re-entry control involves two main aspects: orbital departure control and atmospheric re-entry control, with the latter focusing on lift control within the atmosphere [2] Group 2: Transition from 5 Orbits to 3 Orbits - The transition from a 5-orbit to a 3-orbit return strategy was designed to enhance the efficiency and emergency response capabilities of the Shenzhou spacecraft, with the key change being the shift from ground-based to onboard computer calculations for departure control parameters [3] - Multiple rounds of verification and recalculation were conducted to ensure the accuracy of the onboard calculations, confirming the feasibility of the new return strategy [3] Group 3: Significance of 3-Orbit Autonomous Quick Return - The implementation of the 3-orbit autonomous quick return significantly improves the spacecraft's ability to handle major faults during autonomous flight and docking phases, demonstrating the stability and reliability of China's re-entry technology [4] - The evolution of re-entry technology from the standard ballistic adaptive guidance of Shenzhou-1 to the adaptive predictive guidance of Shenzhou-12, culminating in the 3-orbit quick return of Shenzhou-21, showcases over 30 years of unique development in this field [4]

Core Viewpoint - China has initiated the launch mission for the Shenzhou-22 spacecraft, which will carry supplies including food for astronauts and equipment for the space station [1] Group 1: Mission Updates - The Shenzhou-20 return mission was delayed due to a suspected impact from small space debris, originally scheduled for November 5 [1] - On November 14, the Shenzhou-21 manned spacecraft successfully separated from the space station, and its return capsule landed safely at the Dongfeng landing site [1] - All three astronauts from the Shenzhou-20 mission, Chen Dong, Chen Zhongrui, and Wang Jie, have safely exited the capsule and returned to Beijing, where they are undergoing a quarantine recovery period and comprehensive medical checks [1] Group 2: Emergency Response Measures - To address the risk of a docked spacecraft being unable to return, China has established an emergency rescue task model during the space station mission phase [1] - A "rolling standby" strategy is employed, where the subsequent manned spacecraft remains on standby at the launch site while the previous one is in orbit, ensuring the safety of astronauts in space [1]

Core Points - The Shenzhou 21 manned spacecraft successfully landed at the Dongfeng landing site on November 14, 2023, with all three astronauts, Chen Dong, Chen Zhongrui, and Wang Jie, safely exiting the capsule and in good health [1][2] - The mission lasted 204 days, setting a new record for the longest single crew stay in space for Chinese astronauts, during which they conducted four extravehicular activities and numerous cargo operations [2] Summary by Sections Mission Overview - The Shenzhou 21 spacecraft's return command was issued at 14:49 on November 14, leading to the successful separation of the orbital and return modules [1] - The return capsule was successfully landed, and the search and rescue team promptly reached the landing site [1] Astronaut Statements - Astronaut Chen Dong expressed pride in completing the mission and highlighted the success of China's space program [1] - Astronaut Chen Zhongrui noted the close cooperation within the crew to accomplish all assigned tasks [1] - Astronaut Wang Jie emphasized the ongoing nature of space exploration and his commitment to contributing to this field [2] Scientific Contributions - The crew completed a variety of scientific experiments in areas such as microgravity fundamental physics, space materials science, space life science, aerospace medicine, and aerospace technology [2]

Core Points - The Shenzhou 20 astronaut crew successfully returned to Earth aboard the Shenzhou 21 spacecraft, setting a new record for the duration of stay in orbit for Chinese astronauts [1][2] - This marks the first time Chinese astronauts have returned safely from space using a "transfer" method between spacecraft [2] - The Shenzhou 20 crew spent a total of 204 days in space, completing four extravehicular activities and numerous scientific experiments across various fields [3] Summary by Sections - **Return Mission**: The Shenzhou 20 crew was initially scheduled to return on November 5 but faced a delay due to a minor crack in the spacecraft's window. The mission was resumed with the crew transferring to the Shenzhou 21 for their return [2] - **Safety Measures**: The Chinese manned space program prioritized safety, activating emergency protocols and ensuring a coordinated response to the situation [2] - **Crew Achievements**: Commander Chen Dong became the first Chinese astronaut to exceed 400 days in total spaceflight duration and holds the record for the most extravehicular activities [2][3] - **Scientific Contributions**: During their 204 days in orbit, the crew conducted extensive scientific experiments in microgravity, materials science, life sciences, and aerospace medicine, in collaboration with ground researchers [3]

神舟二十号乘组3名航天员在轨驻留204天，刷新了中国航天员单个乘组在轨驻留时间最长纪录，其间完 成了4次出舱活动和多次货物进出舱任务，在地面科研人员密切配合下，完成了大量空间科学实（试） 验。 17时21分，神舟二十号航天员全部安全顺利出舱。至此，神舟二十号航天员乘组的太空之旅顺利结束。 陈冬成为首个在轨驻留时间超过400天的中国航天员，同时也是目前执行出舱任务次数最多的中国航天 员。 当日，神舟二十号航天员乘组乘坐飞机平安抵达北京。 《 人民日报 》（ 2025年11月15日 01 版） 本报北京11月14日电 （记者刘诗瑶、朱瑛琪）据中国载人航天工程办公室消息：北京时间11月14日16 时40分，神舟二十一号载人飞船返回舱在东风着陆场成功着陆。返回舱舱门打开后，医监医保人员现场 确认神舟二十号乘组航天员陈冬、陈中瑞、王杰身体状态良好。 (责编：袁勃、赵欣悦) 关注公众号：人民网财经 ...