Core Viewpoint - The study highlights the role of CD4⁺ T cells in reversing CD8⁺ T cell dysfunction induced by hepatocellular priming in chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, emphasizing IL-27 as a potential therapeutic target for immune intervention [4][11]. Group 1: CD4⁺ T Cells and CD8⁺ T Cell Dysfunction - CD4⁺ T cells activate Kupffer cells to reverse CD8⁺ T cell dysfunction, which is crucial for restoring HBV-specific CD8⁺ T cell function [4][10]. - The research indicates that IL-27 is essential for the recovery of CD8⁺ T cells, and exogenous IL-27 can restore their functionality [4][11]. Group 2: Mechanisms of T Cell Activation - CD8⁺ T cells can be activated directly in the liver, but often enter a dysfunctional state despite being able to proliferate [9]. - The study proposes a phased model where CD4⁺ T cell assistance occurs after CD8⁺ T cell activation, suggesting that CD4⁺ T cells can provide repair signals in non-lymphoid tissues like the liver [9][10]. Group 3: Implications for Treatment - The findings suggest that targeting IL-27 could be a viable strategy for immunotherapy in chronic HBV infection, as it plays a significant role in restoring CD8⁺ T cell function [11].

Core Viewpoint - The study highlights the urgent need for advancements in treatment for late-stage pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), where the median survival is less than one year [3]. Group 1: Clinical Trial Findings - A phase 1 clinical trial evaluated the safety and efficacy of anti-MSLN CAR-T cell therapy in patients with advanced PDAC, showing good tolerance but limited effectiveness [4][12]. - The trial involved three groups of patients receiving CAR-T cells via different administration routes: intravenous, intraperitoneal, and hepatic artery, with overall good tolerance and no severe treatment-related adverse events [8]. - The median overall survival for patients was 6.7 weeks, and the median progression-free survival was 3.9 weeks [8]. Group 2: Mechanisms of Resistance - Single-cell genomics revealed that infused CAR-T cells expressed exhaustion markers, including transcription factors ID3 and SOX4, indicating functional impairment [9]. - In mouse models, knocking out ID3 or SOX4 individually enhanced efficacy, but dual knockout of both genes led to longer progression-free survival, suggesting a potential pathway for designing more effective CAR-T cells for PDAC [9][12]. Group 3: Implications for Future Research - The findings suggest that while anti-MSLN CAR-T cell therapy is well-tolerated, further research is needed to overcome the limitations in efficacy observed in PDAC patients [12]. - The study provides insights into the mechanisms of resistance and potential strategies for improving CAR-T cell therapy in treating PDAC [9][12].

Core Viewpoint - The article discusses the discovery of a novel bacterial protein family that catalyzes nitrous oxide (N₂O) reduction, which is significant for understanding N₂O consumption and its implications for climate change and greenhouse gas emissions [4][9]. Group 1: Research Findings - A new type of nitrous oxide reductase, known as L-N₂OR, has been identified, expanding the known diversity of N₂O reductases [8][9]. - The research indicates that the L-N₂OR gene is present in various taxa, primarily found in widely distributed uncultured microbial communities [8]. - The study highlights the involvement of previously unrecognized groups, such as Nitrospinota, in N₂O consumption [9]. Group 2: Implications - The findings contribute to a deeper understanding of N₂O consumption sources, which is crucial for greenhouse gas emission models and climate change strategies [4][9]. - The discovery of new N₂O reductases provides opportunities for innovative biotechnologies aimed at reducing N₂O emissions [4][9].

Core Viewpoint - The Chinese Academy of Engineering has confirmed a total of 660 valid candidates for the 2025 academician election, following the completion of the nomination process [3]. Group 1: Candidate Details - The candidates are divided into two main categories: Agricultural Science and Medical Health, with 83 candidates in the Agricultural Science section and 91 in the Medical Health section [5][9]. - The announcement includes a detailed list of candidates, including their names, birth dates, work units, and nomination channels [6][10]. Group 2: Agricultural Science Candidates - A total of 83 candidates are nominated in the Agricultural Science category, with notable names such as: - Ai Qinghui from Ocean University of China [6] - Chen Dawei from Sichuan Agricultural University [6] - Liu Mengjun from Hebei Agricultural University [7] - The candidates represent various institutions, showcasing a wide range of expertise in agricultural research [6][7]. Group 3: Medical Health Candidates - The Medical Health category features 91 candidates, including: - Aji Aikebai'er Aisa from Xinjiang Medical University [10] - Chen Jian from Huazhong University of Science and Technology [10] - Gao Xinhua from China Medical University [11] - This group also includes professionals from military medical universities and research institutions, indicating a strong representation from the medical field [10][11].

Core Points - The announcement confirms the effective candidate list for the 2025 Chinese Academy of Sciences academician election, comprising 639 individuals [3]. Group 1: Candidate Information - The candidate list includes individuals from various prestigious institutions, such as the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tsinghua University, and Peking University [5][6][12]. - The candidates' ages range from 41 to 68, indicating a diverse pool of experienced professionals [5][6][12]. - The recommendation channels for candidates include organizations like the China Association for Science and Technology [5][6][12]. Group 2: Selection Process - The selection process was reviewed by the Academic Division of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and approved by its Party Committee [3]. - The announcement follows the implementation of the "Implementation Measures for the Election of Academicians of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Trial)" [3].

Core Viewpoint - The incidence of gallbladder diseases, such as gallstones and gallbladder polyps, is increasing globally due to changes in dietary structure. Gallbladder removal surgery is the most common procedure in biliary surgery and is considered a standard treatment for patients with gallbladder diseases. However, emerging evidence indicates that post-cholecystectomy syndrome and the incidence of diseases related to metabolic syndrome have significantly increased. Notably, previous clinical studies have linked gallbladder removal surgery to an elevated risk of colorectal cancer, although the underlying mechanisms remain unclear [3][7]. Group 1 - A recent study published by a team led by Professor Yang Shiming from the Army Medical University in Nature Communications indicates that gallbladder removal surgery is associated with gut microbiota dysbiosis and impaired bile acid metabolism, which exacerbates colorectal tumorigenesis through disrupted FXR/β-catenin interactions. The FXR agonist obeticholic acid (OCA) has been shown to prevent colorectal tumors associated with gallbladder removal surgery [4][10]. - The study utilized mouse models to confirm that gallbladder removal surgery increases the occurrence of colorectal tumors. Metagenomic sequencing and targeted metabolomics revealed a reduction in Bifidobacterium breve and an increase in Ruminococcus gnavus, along with elevated levels of glycochenodeoxycholic acid (GUDCA) and tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) in the body [8][10]. - Experiments involving fecal microbiota transplantation, single strain colonization, and bile acid supplementation demonstrated that dysbiosis related to gallbladder removal surgery promotes the production of TUDCA, thereby facilitating colorectal tumor development. Impaired bile acid metabolism inhibits FXR signaling, which ultimately exacerbates colorectal tumorigenesis [8][10].

2025 年 8 月 17 日， 第九届中国科学院学部主席团第二十一次会议在北京召开 。中国科学院院长、学部主席团执行主席 侯建国 主持会议，学部主席团成员出席 会议。 会议审议通过了相关制度， 审议了 2025 年中国科学院院士增选有效候选人名单和外籍院士有效候选人名单 。 会议强调，学部各级领导机构和广大院士要深入学 习贯彻习近平总书记重要指示批示精神和中央深化院士制度改革要求，严把院士"入口关"，坚决抵制不正之风，共同营造风清气正的增选环境，确保高质量完成 2025 年中国科学院院士增选工作。 据悉，2025 年 中国科学院院士增选中，数学物理学部将增选 16 名，化学部将增选 15 名，生命科学和医学学部将增选 19 名，地学部将增选 15 名，信息技术 科学部将增选 11 名，技术科学部将增选 16 名，特别推荐领域将增选不超过 8 名，增选总名额不超过 100 名。 目前，中国科学院共有 840 名院士，其中，数学物理学部 155 名，化学部 130 名，生命科学与医学学部 152 名，地学部 144 名，信息技术科学部 110 名，技 术科学部 149 名。 | 数学物理学部 | (155人) ...

Core Viewpoint - The article discusses a new strategy for deep brain stimulation (DBS) targeting the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) that shows promise in treating major depressive disorder (MDD) through a short-duration stimulation that produces long-lasting effects [4][8]. Group 1: Research Findings - The study developed an inhibitory DBS (i-DBS) strategy that requires only about 2 hours of stimulation to rapidly alleviate depressive-like symptoms in mouse models, maintaining effects for several days [4][6]. - The research combined DBS with optogenetics to monitor neuronal activity in the ACC, a critical brain region for depression [4][5]. - Systematic optimization of DBS parameters, including waveform, pulse width, and frequency, allowed the team to reliably inhibit or activate ACC neuronal activity [4][6]. Group 2: Mechanisms and Effects - Optimized DBS parameters can bidirectionally control ACC pyramidal neuron activity [6]. - Inhibiting the ACC produces rapid and sustained antidepressant-like effects, while activating the ACC leads to anhedonia-like behavior [6][8]. - Inhibition of the ACC suppresses activity across the brain's emotional regulation network [6]. Group 3: Implications for Treatment - The research establishes a principled framework for optimizing DBS parameters and suggests that targeting ACC inhibition may be a potential strategy for treating major depressive disorder [8].

Core Viewpoint - The research reveals that aggresomes, a type of non-membrane organelle in Escherichia coli, play a crucial role in protecting mRNA integrity under stress, thereby enhancing bacterial survival and recovery efficiency in adverse conditions [4][7][9]. Group 1: Research Findings - The study published in Nature Microbiology demonstrates that aggresomes selectively protect mRNA through electrostatic repulsion mechanisms, which is vital for the survival of persister cells under stress [4][8]. - Long-term stress leads to ATP depletion, resulting in increased formation and accumulation of aggresomes, along with specific mRNA enrichment within these structures [8]. - The research indicates that mRNA stored in aggresomes facilitates rapid reactivation of translation, contributing to a reduction in lag phase during bacterial growth after stress removal [8][9]. Group 2: Implications - Understanding the role of aggresomes in mRNA protection provides insights into bacterial resistance mechanisms, potentially guiding the development of novel antibacterial strategies targeting persister cells [4][7]. - The findings highlight the significance of non-membrane organelles in bacterial stress responses, which could influence future research in microbiology and antibiotic resistance [4][9].

Core Viewpoint - The study identifies CCR7+ dendritic cells as the primary source of IL-23 in psoriasis, providing a cellular framework for developing therapies aimed at achieving long-term relief from psoriasis and related chronic inflammation [3][4][7]. Group 1: Research Findings - The research reveals that IL4I1+ CD200+ CCR7+ dendritic cells (CCR7+ DC) express both IL-23A and IL-12B, making them the main producers of IL-23 in psoriasis [4][7]. - CCR7+ DC can drive psoriasis relapse through a spatially organized "Th17 module," recruiting IL-17 producing CD161+ T cells and activating keratinocytes responsive to IL-17 [7][8]. - The absence of CCR7+ DC in mouse models completely inhibits IL-23 production, while forced expression of IL-23A in these cells induces psoriasis-like skin disease and arthritis [8]. Group 2: Implications for Therapy - The findings provide a cellular basis for developing therapies that can disrupt the persistent presence of IL-23, potentially leading to sustained relief from psoriasis and associated chronic inflammation [4][8].