《中共中央关于制定国民经济和社会发展第十五个五年规划的建议》（以下简称《建议》）提出，"十 五五"时期人口结构变化给经济发展、社会治理等提出新课题。 记者丨陈洁 实习生张星雨 编辑丨王峰 我国人口格局正在悄然转变，不久前发布的《中国统计年鉴（2025）》可见端倪。 和2023年相比，2024年人口结构呈现出0—14岁人口占比下降、65岁及以上人口占比提升、省份"变 老"数量持续提升（2024年有8个省份65岁及以上人口占比超过18%，多于2023年的7个）等特征。 近日出版的《〈中共中央关于制定国民经济和社会发展第十五个五年规划的建议〉辅导读本》（以下简 称《辅导读本》）中，中央宣讲团成员、中央改革办专职副主任丁国文撰写的署名文章对此有清晰的阐 述："十五五"时期，老年人口、老龄化率持续攀升，高龄人口增速更快，我国少子化、老龄化等结构性 矛盾更加凸显。 从其中提到要落实好的重点任务来看，"十五五"时期人口政策重点围绕"一老一小"两条主线。 清华大学社会学博士后、北京理工大学教育学院特别副研究员史薇对21世纪经济报道记者表示，"十五 五"时期的人口新课题主要集中在四个方面：人口再生产结构的优化、老龄社会的可持续 ...

Core Viewpoint - The article emphasizes the importance of promoting high-quality population development and establishing a comprehensive population service system throughout the life cycle [1] Group 1: Population Development Policies - The proposal advocates for a positive marriage and childbirth perspective, optimizing birth support policies and incentives to effectively reduce family costs related to childbirth, upbringing, and education [1] - It suggests improving the maternity insurance system and implementing maternity leave policies, along with early pregnancy care initiatives and plans to enhance capabilities in preventing birth defects [1] Group 2: Childcare and Elderly Care Services - The article highlights the need for deepening pilot projects for childcare service subsidies and developing inclusive childcare and integrated early childhood education services [1] - It calls for strengthening health services for women and children, actively addressing population aging, and establishing a collaborative development policy mechanism for elderly care and industry [1] Group 3: Elderly Care and Employment Policies - The proposal includes optimizing the supply of basic elderly care services and improving the urban-rural elderly care service network, along with enhancing public facilities for the elderly [1] - It emphasizes the development of integrated medical and elderly care services, promoting long-term care insurance, and establishing a care system for elderly individuals with disabilities or dementia [1] - The article suggests a gradual implementation of a delayed retirement age policy, optimizing age restrictions in employment and social security, and actively developing the elderly workforce to promote the silver economy [1]

Core Viewpoint - The implementation of a nationwide cash subsidy for child-rearing is a significant measure aimed at improving people's livelihoods and supporting long-term development [1] Group 1: Policy Principles - The principles guiding the effective implementation of the subsidy include "improving livelihoods, benefiting the people," "coordinated connection, ensuring fairness," "doing what is feasible, within capacity," and "safety regulations, simplicity and ease of use" [1] - The complexity of the nationwide child-rearing subsidy requires optimization of work processes, accountability in management, and improved service efficiency to ensure successful execution [1] Group 2: Policy Development - The initiative includes direct disbursement of maternity insurance benefits to insured individuals and the gradual promotion of free preschool education measures [1] - The goal is to enhance the supportive policy framework and incentive mechanisms to foster a child-friendly society, thereby providing robust support for high-quality population development [1] Group 3: Population Service System - Emphasizing policy collaboration and investing in human resources, the aim is to accelerate the establishment of a comprehensive population service system that covers all demographics and life stages [1] - This approach is essential for addressing the critical issue of population development, which is vital for the sustainable future of the Chinese nation and the well-being of millions [1]