《中共中央关于制定国民经济和社会发展第十五个五年规划的建议》（以下简称《建议》）提出，"十 五五"时期人口结构变化给经济发展、社会治理等提出新课题。 记者丨陈洁 实习生张星雨 编辑丨王峰 我国人口格局正在悄然转变，不久前发布的《中国统计年鉴（2025）》可见端倪。 和2023年相比，2024年人口结构呈现出0—14岁人口占比下降、65岁及以上人口占比提升、省份"变 老"数量持续提升（2024年有8个省份65岁及以上人口占比超过18%，多于2023年的7个）等特征。 近日出版的《〈中共中央关于制定国民经济和社会发展第十五个五年规划的建议〉辅导读本》（以下简 称《辅导读本》）中，中央宣讲团成员、中央改革办专职副主任丁国文撰写的署名文章对此有清晰的阐 述："十五五"时期，老年人口、老龄化率持续攀升，高龄人口增速更快，我国少子化、老龄化等结构性 矛盾更加凸显。 从其中提到要落实好的重点任务来看，"十五五"时期人口政策重点围绕"一老一小"两条主线。 清华大学社会学博士后、北京理工大学教育学院特别副研究员史薇对21世纪经济报道记者表示，"十五 五"时期的人口新课题主要集中在四个方面：人口再生产结构的优化、老龄社会的可持续 ...

Core Viewpoint - The article discusses the significant changes in China's population structure, highlighting the increasing proportion of elderly individuals and the declining proportion of children, which poses new challenges for economic development and social governance during the "15th Five-Year Plan" period [1][4][9]. Population Structure Changes - The proportion of the population aged 0-14 is decreasing, while the proportion of those aged 65 and above is increasing, with 2024 statistics showing 15.81% for the younger group and 15.66% for the older group, indicating a near crossover [5][6]. - By 2024, 19 provinces will have over 14% of their population aged 65 and above, with some provinces like Liaoning and Shanghai exceeding 20% [4][5]. Regional Population Differentiation - The article notes a clear regional differentiation in population structure, with some provinces experiencing a high proportion of elderly individuals compared to children, while others have a higher proportion of children [8]. - For instance, Shanghai has a 65+ population proportion of 20.25% compared to 9.50% for the 0-14 age group, while provinces like Guangdong and Guizhou show a contrasting demographic profile [8]. New Population Issues - The article identifies new population issues such as negative population growth, low birth rates, aging, and regional population disparities that require a shift in population development strategies [9]. Population Service System - The article emphasizes the need to establish a comprehensive population service system covering all life stages, addressing marriage, childbirth, education, employment, healthcare, housing, and elderly care [11]. - Key tasks include promoting positive marriage and childbirth views, improving maternity insurance, and developing inclusive childcare services [11][12]. Utilizing Elderly Workforce - With the increase in life expectancy, optimizing the use of elderly human resources is crucial, as the average life expectancy in 2024 is projected to reach 79 years [14]. - The article suggests developing diverse job opportunities for older individuals and removing age restrictions in employment and social security policies [14][16]. Employment Training for the Elderly - There is a need to create a training system for elderly employment, focusing on digital skills and job readiness to enhance their employability [15]. - Community and family support systems should be established to facilitate intergenerational learning and skill development [15][16].

面对人口危机，日本地方政府探索不同的应对路径。兵库县明石市通过持续推出育儿支持政策，实现总 人口与税收收入双增长。据该市负责人介绍，当地多年来逐步完善保障措施，优厚政策吸引不少家庭移 居，带动市民税、资产税、法人税等地方税收增加。在神户市从事护士工作的谷水加里，不久前举家迁 至明石市。她表示："这里的育儿政策帮了大忙，虽然通勤时间变长，但很值得。" 当前，日本全国层面应对少子化仍面临诸多难题。《朝日新闻》评论认为，当前社会保障体系将缴费负 担集中于劳动人口，中低收入者负担重于高收入者，"应出台更合理措施，形成全社会支持育儿的理 念"。《东洋经济》的文章认为，除了现金补贴，需优先解决社会福利、就业及经济问题。 （文章来源：人民日报） 日本厚生劳动省最近公布的人口动态统计数据显示，2025年上半年日本新生儿（不含在日外国人）数量 约31.9万人，同比下降3.3%。日本总务省今年8月公布的统计数据显示，截至今年初，日本人口（不含 在日外国人）已连续16年减少，人口总数约1.2065亿，较2024年初减少约90.8万，减少幅度创1968年有 统计数据以来新高。 日本总务省公布的统计数据显示，2024年，日本出生人数再 ...

本文字数：1501，阅读时长大约3分钟 2025.11.12 作者 |第一财经 林靖 《中国统计年鉴2025》公布了2024年31个省份的人口出生率、死亡率和自然增长率数据。出生率方面， 2024年有14个省份的出生率高于全国平均水平（6.77‰），其中，共有10个省份人口出生率超过8‰， 分别是西藏、宁夏、贵州、青海、新疆、海南、广东、云南、广西和甘肃，主要位于西部地区和华南地 区。从人口自然增长率来看，11个省份2024年人口自然增长率保持正增长，主要是西部省份和东部沿海 省份，分别是西藏、宁夏、新疆、云南、广西、贵州、青海、广西、广东、北京和福建，人口自然正增 长省份比上一年增加了3个。 从数据来看，一些出生率比较高的省份，同时也是近三年来常住人口增长的地区。这些省份主要分布在 西部地区和华南沿海地区。 从人口迁徙趋势看，长三角、珠三角成为人口迁移流入的主要地区。一方面，我国人口仍在向长三角、 珠三角等发达地区集聚；另一方面，在各省域内部，中小城市、农村人口继续向中心城市流动。 根据第一财经记者统计，近三年常住人口增量前五的城市分别是合肥、贵阳、杭州、长沙和郑州。其 中，4个来自中西部的省会城市。 其中 ...

《中国统计年鉴2025》未公布60岁及以上老年人口情况，但通过梳理各地发布的统计数据显示，2024年全国 有20个省份60岁及以上老年人口占比超过了20%，这些省份与前述65岁及以上老年人口占比超过14%的19个 省份基本重合——仅甘肃稍有不同，该省60岁及以上老年人口为493.07万人，占总人口的20.06%；65岁及以 上老年人口为335.05万人，占比13.63%。 《中国统计年鉴2025》显示，老龄化最严重的省份是辽宁，当地65岁及以上老年人口超过900万人，占全省 总人口的21.9%——已进入重度老龄化社会。老龄化程度最轻的是西藏，65岁及以上老年人口为24万，占当 地总人口的6.29%。 整体来看，中国已经全面进入中度老龄化社会。截至2024年末，全国60岁及以上老年人口为3.1亿，占总人 口的22.0%；65岁及以上老年人口2.2亿，占总人口的15.6%——60岁及以上老年人口与65岁及以上老年人口 均达到历史新高。 此外，《中国统计年鉴2025》披露，2024年全国老年人口抚养比同样达到历史最高，为22.8%，这意味着， 大约每4.35名劳动年龄人口，要养1名老年人。 20个省份中度老龄化，东 ...

Summary of Key Points from the Conference Call Industry or Company Involved - The discussion primarily revolves around the economic challenges faced by Japan, particularly in the context of the "Lost Decade" and its implications for employment and societal structures. Core Insights and Arguments 1. **Economic Crisis and Employment Challenges** The analysis draws parallels between Japan's "Lost 30 Years" and current economic challenges, emphasizing the complex issues arising from the collapse of the bubble economy, including unemployment, educational devaluation, and aging population [2][3][4] 2. **Historical Context of Economic Collapse** Japan's economic collapse is attributed to speculative behaviors leading to a systemic breakdown, with significant impacts on employment and corporate structures. The unemployment rate surged from below 2% to 3% in 1993, marking the onset of the employment crisis [5][6] 3. **Government Policy Responses** The Japanese government implemented various measures to keep unemployment below 5%, but these often sacrificed long-term growth for short-term stability. The policies included maintaining employment through corporate reforms and financial support for struggling companies [3][10][11] 4. **Impact of Employment Policies** The long-term effects of Japan's employment policies led to a significant number of "zombie companies," which accounted for 20% of all firms at their peak, indicating a failure to innovate and adapt to new market conditions [12][14] 5. **Technological Development Missed Opportunities** Japan's focus on stabilizing employment resulted in a lack of investment in technological advancements, causing the country to miss out on opportunities in the internet and AI sectors [14][16] 6. **Generational Sacrifice and Social Discontent** The younger generation, particularly those graduating in the 1990s, faced severe employment challenges, leading to a rise in "NEET" (Not in Education, Employment, or Training) culture and a significant increase in the number of young people living with their parents [17][19][34] 7. **Structural Changes in Employment** The shift towards temporary employment contracts and the decline of lifetime employment systems have created a precarious job market for new graduates, with many forced into low-paying, unstable jobs [11][37] 8. **Cultural and Psychological Effects** The economic downturn has led to a cultural shift among Japanese youth, with increased acceptance of a lifestyle characterized by withdrawal from traditional career paths and societal expectations [39][40] 9. **Financial System and Banking Crisis** The government's reluctance to allow failing companies to go bankrupt contributed to a banking crisis, with significant implications for the financial system and overall economic stability [15][25][43] 10. **Long-term Economic Consequences** The prolonged economic stagnation has resulted in a generational divide, with the younger population bearing the brunt of the economic fallout, leading to a lasting impact on social structures and economic mobility [44] Other Important but Potentially Overlooked Content - The historical analysis provides a cautionary tale about the dangers of prioritizing short-term stability over long-term economic health, highlighting the need for proactive and adaptive policy measures in response to economic crises [10][32][38] - The discussion also emphasizes the interconnectedness of employment policies, corporate health, and societal well-being, suggesting that neglecting one aspect can lead to broader systemic issues [9][23][24]

Core Viewpoint - Japan is facing a severe demographic crisis characterized by a historically low total fertility rate and an aging population, leading to a continuous decline in the total population, which poses significant risks to the social security system and economic structure [3][4][5]. Population Crisis - Japan's total fertility rate has been declining since it peaked at 2.14 in 1973, with the rate dropping to 1.15 in 2024, significantly below the global average of 2.2 and the developed countries' average of 1.4 [5][6]. - The number of newborns in Japan has decreased for 16 consecutive years, with 2024 seeing only 686,000 births, the first time falling below 700,000, and a natural population decrease of 899,000, the highest on record [6][7]. - The aging population is exacerbating the labor shortage, with a projected labor gap of 11 million by 2040, leading to a record number of company bankruptcies due to labor shortages [6][7]. Contributing Factors - Economic pressures, including stagnant growth and high living costs, are major factors suppressing the fertility rate, with the average cost of raising a child exceeding 20 million yen [8][9]. - Workplace culture, characterized by long working hours and traditional gender roles, further discourages family formation and child-rearing [9][10]. - Social and cultural shifts, including rising individualism and changing attitudes towards marriage and family, contribute to declining birth rates, with a significant percentage of young adults expressing no intention to marry [10][11]. Policy Responses - The Japanese government has implemented a multi-faceted approach to address the declining birth rate, including financial incentives for families, improved childcare services, and reforms in work culture [11][12]. - Economic support includes one-time childbirth allowances and monthly stipends for families with children, with additional benefits for larger families [12][13]. - Childcare services are being expanded, with initiatives to eliminate waiting lists for daycare and improve the quality of care [13][14]. - Work-life balance reforms include parental leave policies and incentives for companies to support male employees in taking paternity leave [14][15]. - Local governments are also implementing policies to support healthcare and education for children, aiming to alleviate the financial burden on families [15][16]. - The government is also focusing on attracting foreign talent to mitigate labor shortages, with plans to increase the number of foreign workers and students in Japan [16].

Group 1 - The article discusses the process of finding a suitable nursery for children in Japan, highlighting the importance of early planning and information gathering [1][3][4] - Various types of childcare institutions in Japan are outlined, including nurseries (保育园), kindergartens (幼稚园), and certified kindergartens (認定幼儿园), each serving different age groups and purposes [4][6][7] - The article emphasizes the growing trend of parents seeking nurseries for their children at younger ages, reflecting societal changes and the need for childcare support [2][3][20] Group 2 - The article describes the experience of visiting a nursery, including the welcoming atmosphere and the interactions between staff and children, which are crucial for parents' decision-making [8][10][11] - It details the application process for nurseries, including the importance of submitting multiple applications to increase the chances of acceptance [12][13][14] - The article highlights the daily routines and activities of children in the nursery, showcasing the balance between play and learning, as well as the communication between parents and staff through a contact book [20][22][23]

Group 1 - The core issue of declining birth rates is not merely an economic problem, but a complex societal challenge that Japan has been facing for over 16 years, with a continuous population decline recorded [3][4][7] - As of January 1, 2025, Japan's population is projected to be 120.65 million, a decrease of 908,000 from the previous year, marking the fastest decline since 1968 [3][4] - The aging population is a significant concern, with 29.58% of the population aged 65 and older, and predictions indicate that by 2030, a substantial portion of the male and female population may choose to remain unmarried [4][6] Group 2 - The Japanese government has implemented various policies to address the declining birth rate, but these efforts have not yielded significant results, leading to increased societal anxiety [7][9] - The "New Dimension Childcare Policy" introduced by Prime Minister Kishida in 2023 aims to provide enhanced financial support for families with children, extending benefits to families until children reach 18 years old [9][10][11] - Despite the financial incentives, public skepticism remains regarding the effectiveness of these measures, as previous policies have not successfully addressed the root causes of declining birth rates [13][18] Group 3 - The government plans to improve childcare quality by increasing the teacher-to-child ratio in nurseries and kindergartens, and to support parents in balancing work and family life [15][16] - The emergence of a growing group of "voluntary singles" poses a challenge to government policies, as financial incentives may not appeal to those who lack the desire to marry or have children [20][28] - The societal trend of individuals preferring stable, comfortable lives without the pursuit of marriage or children reflects a broader shift in values that may not align with traditional family structures [24][29]

Core Insights - Taiwan's population has been experiencing negative growth for 21 consecutive months, with a total population of 23.317 million as of September 2025 [1] - The demographic breakdown shows that 11.58% of the population is aged 0-14, 68.62% is aged 15-64, and 19.8% is aged 65 and above, indicating a potential shift towards an aging society [1] - In September, Taiwan's population decreased by 87,107 year-on-year and by 11,312 month-on-month, with a net migration loss of 4,528 people [1] Population Trends - The number of births in Taiwan for the first three quarters of the year was 81,381, a decrease of 16,352 compared to the same period last year [1] - The peak birth month was February with 10,407 newborns, while May recorded a historical low of 8,433 births [1] - The ongoing trends of declining birth rates and increasing aging population are expected to exacerbate Taiwan's demographic challenges [1]