文 / 张向东 十几年前 一 个 周末 的 晚上 ，中改院院长迟福林去澳大利亚悉尼考察，到了 晚上 想 找个地方吃 饭 。 结果 发现， 很多餐馆都爆满 。 怎么会这样？ 不仅如此，他还对社保、医疗健康、教育等基本公共服务领域的重大改革课题，进行了深入研究 。 他是中国经济体制领域中的"改革老兵"。 二十届四中全会审议通过的"十五五 " 规划建议 提出， " 十五五 " 期间，要实现"居民收入增长和 经济增长同步、劳动报酬提高和劳动生产率提高同步，分配结构得到优化，中等收入群体持续扩大， 社会保障制度更加优化更可持续，基本公共服务均等化水平明显提升。""坚持惠民生和促消费、投 资于物和投资于人紧密结合"。 投资于人，钱从哪里来？在房地产行业受到较大冲击、资产端发生较大改变的情况下，中等收入群体 如何继续扩大？老龄化加剧背景下，中国社保支出压力如何缓解？基本公共服务均等化如何实现？城 乡差距如何进一步缩小？ 根据世界银行发布的2025年最新标准： 人均国民总收入（ GNI）达到或超过13935美元，即属于 高收入国家。而 中国2024年人均GNI为1.34万美元， 已非常 接近高收入国家门槛。 成为高收入国家， ...

谋篇布局"十五五"·热点问答 投资于人 从何处发力? "十五五"规划建议提出 坚持投资于物和投资于人紧密结合 投资于人是指对全人群、全生命周期人的 能力提升和潜力开发的投入，比如育幼、 养老、健康、教育、技能培训等。 要在投资于人的重点方向持续用力 > 完善收入分配制度,健全各类要素由 市场评价贡献、按贡献决定报酬的初 次分配机制,促进多劳者多得、技高 者多得、创新者多得。 > 稳步推进基本公共服务均等化,完善 基本公共服务范围和内容,加快缩小 区域间、城乡间、群体间基本公共服 务差距。 > 提高民生类政府投资比重,加大对生 育养育、教育医疗、职业培训、普惠 养老、文化体育等领域的公共投入, 扩大覆盖全人群、全生命周期的有效 投资。 > 加强人力资源开发和人的全面发展投 资,加大对各类人才特别是科技领军 人才、拔尖创新人才、高技能人才等 的培养投入力度,一体推进教育科技 人才发展,为高质量发展提供基础 性、战略性支撑。 > 建立健全投资于人的长效机制,优化 财政支出责任和财力配置，完善对地 方政府考核和激励机制,充分激发各 类经营主体活力,建立健全相关统计 制度,将对人的投资纳入统计核算范 围,调动全社会、各 ...

-十届四峰 L 名词卡片 基本公共服务 稳步推进基本公共服务均等化。建立基 本公共服务均等化评价标准,完善基本公共 服务范围和内容,制定实现基本公共服务均 等化的目标、路径、措施,推动更多公共服 务向基层下沉、向农村覆盖、向边远地区和 生活困难群众倾斜,健全与常住人口相匹配 的公共资源配置机制。加强县域基本公共服 务供给统筹,完善投入保障长效机制。全面 深化事业单位改革。 "十五五"规划建议 一是健全基本公共服务制度体系。完善基本公共服务范围和内容，推进区域、城乡、人群间基本公共 服务制度统筹。建立各类基本公共服务均等化评价标准，制定实现基本公共服务均等化的目标、路径、措 施。 二是加强常住人口基本公共服务。结合户籍管理制度改革，健全以公民身份号码为标识、与居住年限 相挂钩的非户籍人口基本公共服务提供机制，推行由常住地登记户口提供基本公共服务制度，落实农业转 移人口市民化财政支持政策，保障符合条件的外来人口与本地居民享有同等基本公共服务。优化人口持续 净流出地区的服务结构，提升人口集聚地区的服务能级。 三是优化基本公共服务资源配置。统筹运用各领域各层级公共资源，推进基本公共服务科学布局、均 衡配置和优化整合， ...

国务院参事、国家发展改革委原副主任胡祖才表示，当前我国城镇化发展已进入新的历史方位，要将其 放在我国新型城镇化发展的历史进程中来认识，放在中国式现代化全局中来认识，放在世界百年未有之 大变局中来认识，放在不断满足人民日益增长的美好生活需要中来认识。 中新网北京11月15日电(记者 查志远)当前，我国城镇化正从快速增长期转向稳定发展期，城市发展正从 大规模增量扩张阶段转向存量提质增效为主的阶段，亟需锚定"十五五"现代化建设新目标，统筹思考未 来发展道路。 近日，由清华大学中国新型城镇化研究院、清华大学国家治理与全球治理研究院主办的"中国新型城镇 化理论·政策·实践论坛2025"在北京召开。胡祖才、范恒山、李稻葵、魏后凯等多位权威学者围绕相关话 题展开探讨。 专家热议："十五五"时期如何推进新型城镇化？ 对于"十五五"时期推进新型城镇化的战略路径，中国社会科学院学部委员、农村发展研究所原所长魏后 凯认为，"十五五"时期中国城镇化需要处理好速度与质量的关系，以全面提高城镇化质量为主线。魏后 凯预测，该时期城镇化速度将保持在0.7个百分点左右。其关键且首要的任务是科学有序地推进农业转 移人口的市民化，该问题的本质是" ...

Core Viewpoint - The article emphasizes the importance of improving the quality of life for the people as a central goal of economic and social development during the "14th Five-Year Plan" period, highlighting the need for reforms that prioritize the well-being of citizens [1][2]. Group 1: Economic Growth and Income Distribution - Since the beginning of the "14th Five-Year Plan," the growth of residents' income has been in sync with economic growth, leading to a reduction in the income gap between urban and rural areas [1]. - The article mentions that the number of people benefiting from cross-province medical treatment settlements reached 560 million, and the average life expectancy of residents has increased to 79 years [1]. - The article stresses the need for a more equitable income distribution system to promote high-quality employment and increase property income for urban and rural residents [1]. Group 2: Enhancing Public Services and Employment - The article discusses the importance of improving basic public service systems and addressing the most pressing concerns of the people to ensure that the benefits of modernization are shared more equitably [1][2]. - It highlights the necessity of policies that support job creation and address structural employment issues, ensuring that both job seekers and employers are effectively matched [1]. - The article also emphasizes the need for multi-channel approaches to increase residents' income and reduce the financial burden on low- and middle-income groups [1]. Group 3: Investment in Human Capital - The article points out that improving the quality of life requires not only material wealth but also the comprehensive development of individuals, necessitating greater investment in human capital [2]. - It mentions various city-level talent policies that include entrepreneurial subsidies and tax reductions as part of a comprehensive welfare package aimed at enhancing human investment [2]. - The promotion of green industries and the provision of childcare subsidies are also highlighted as essential components of investing in people [2]. Group 4: Balancing Development and Sustainability - The article stresses the need for a balanced approach that considers social interests while ensuring sustainable economic development, indicating that improving living standards is a long-term and systematic endeavor [3]. - It emphasizes that addressing small but significant issues related to people's livelihoods can lead to substantial national development outcomes [3].

Core Viewpoint - The book "A Country of People's Livelihood: The Great Strategy of Chinese-style Modernization" by Chi Fulin emphasizes the importance of prioritizing people's livelihoods in China's modernization efforts, addressing new demands arising from social contradictions and advocating for systemic reforms to enhance public welfare [3][7]. Group 1: Book Overview - The book is a culmination of over 40 years of research on reform, addressing how to solidify the foundation of common prosperity through livelihood construction [3]. - It discusses the transition of livelihood construction from "basic security" to "quality enhancement" and the need for systemic advancement rather than just localized breakthroughs [3][7]. - The book consists of 330,000 words, divided into an introduction and eight chapters, providing both academic insights and engaging narratives [9]. Group 2: Key Themes and Proposals - The construction of a "livelihood country" is seen as a crucial aspect of Chinese-style modernization, with a focus on improving the income levels of low-income groups and enhancing national income redistribution [5][7]. - The book advocates for a people-centered reform approach, emphasizing that the ultimate goal of reform is to improve the happiness of the populace [7]. - It highlights the importance of equal access to basic public services and the need for urbanization that prioritizes human investment as key strategies for building a livelihood-oriented nation [7]. Group 3: Implications for Future Development - The construction of a livelihood country is expected to respond to the needs and aspirations of over 1.4 billion people, thereby enhancing the synergy of comprehensive deepening reforms and injecting vital momentum for high-quality development over the next decade [7][9]. - The discussions during the event underscored the interconnection between being an economic power, an open nation, and a livelihood-oriented country, which collectively contribute to sustainable economic development [9].

Core Viewpoint - The article discusses the release of a new book titled "A People-Centric Nation: The Great Strategy of Chinese-style Modernization," which emphasizes the importance of improving people's livelihoods as a foundation for national strength and outlines a path for modernization that benefits all citizens [2][3]. Group 1: Book Release and Significance - The book was officially launched by the China (Hainan) Reform and Development Research Institute and CITIC Publishing Group, with participation from various media and academic representatives [2]. - The author, Professor Chi Fulin, highlights that the book addresses new demands arising from changes in China's social contradictions and provides strategic insights for the 14th Five-Year Plan and the 2035 vision [3][4]. Group 2: Key Themes and Proposals - The book argues for prioritizing people's well-being in reforms, emphasizing that the ultimate goal of reform is to enhance the happiness of citizens [5]. - It proposes that building a "People-Centric Nation" requires equal access to basic public services, urbanization centered on human needs, and increased investment in human capital [8]. - The book also stresses the importance of responding to people's needs through reforms, which will enhance the synergy of comprehensive reforms and drive high-quality development over the next decade [5][8]. Group 3: Expert Opinions and Discussions - Experts participating in the discussion emphasized that viewing China as a "People-Centric Nation" will contribute to sustainable economic development and high-quality growth [6]. - The book is seen as a significant academic contribution that translates the concept of reform for the people into scholarly language, aligning with the spirit of the 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China [6]. - The historical and practical significance of the book is recognized, with its insights deemed crucial for understanding national conditions and development directions [6].

Group 1 - The core focus of the "14th Five-Year Plan" is on improving people's livelihoods, with over one-third of the indicators dedicated to social welfare, the highest proportion in any five-year plan to date [1] - The plan emphasizes the construction of a service system for the elderly and children, aiming for a 64.6% share of nursing care beds and coverage of over 300 cities by childcare service institutions [1][2] - The government aims to transition from basic service provision to a more integrated approach that includes professional medical, rehabilitation, and nursing services for the elderly [2] Group 2 - The design of quantifiable and assessable indicators for social welfare serves as a strong policy directive, ensuring that resources are allocated to enhance public welfare [3] - The plan promotes equal access to basic public services through optimized resource allocation and new urbanization strategies, addressing disparities between urban and rural areas [3][4] - Standardization of public service quality is crucial for ensuring fairness in basic services, with clear guidelines established for nursing care facilities and other essential services [4] Group 3 - The integration of livelihood improvement into regional development strategies is a key focus, with initiatives aimed at reducing urban-rural disparities through targeted support and resource allocation [5] - The approach combines economic development with social welfare improvements, creating a sustainable cycle that benefits both sectors [5]

Core Insights - The article emphasizes the Chinese government's focus on improving people's livelihoods during the "14th Five-Year Plan" period, shifting from merely providing basic services to enhancing service quality [1][2][3] Group 1: Elderly Care - The proportion of nursing care beds has increased to 64.6%, indicating a shift in elderly care services from basic living needs to professional medical, rehabilitation, and nursing services [1][3] - The aging population in China faces challenges not only in basic care but also in providing quality care for the elderly, particularly those who are disabled or semi-disabled [3] Group 2: Childcare Services - Over 300 cities have established inclusive childcare service institutions, supported by government policies, funding, and standards, reflecting a commitment to building a comprehensive childcare service system [1][3] - The development of affordable childcare services aims to alleviate the burden on young parents, allowing them to balance work and family life while contributing to population structure optimization [3] Group 3: Public Service Standards - More than one-third of the indicators in the "14th Five-Year Plan" focus on public welfare, marking a strong policy direction towards measurable and assessable outcomes in various sectors including income, employment, education, healthcare, and social security [4][5] - The establishment of basic public service standards ensures that services meet national quality requirements, promoting fairness and accessibility in public welfare [5] Group 4: Regional Development and Coordination - The government is promoting equal access to basic public services by extending resources to underdeveloped areas through initiatives like county medical communities and unified insurance systems [4][5] - The integration of livelihood improvement into regional development strategies aims to enhance living standards in rural areas while reducing urban-rural disparities [5]

Core Viewpoint - The "14th Five-Year Plan" emphasizes enhancing and improving people's livelihoods, aiming for common prosperity for all citizens, with a focus on fulfilling the people's aspirations for a better life [1][3]. Group 1 - The plan advocates for a pragmatic approach to social welfare, emphasizing inclusive, foundational, and safety-net measures to address urgent public concerns [3]. - It aims to improve the quality of life by promoting high-quality employment, refining income distribution systems, and ensuring satisfactory education and social security [3]. - The initiative includes promoting high-quality development in real estate, advancing health initiatives, and ensuring equitable access to basic public services [3].