要点速览 2025年，天文学迎来多个重要发现，本文从众多成果中遴选出了最值得关注的十大太空发现： 从深空传来的引力波回声，到穿越银河系的极端高能粒子；从闯入太阳系的星际彗星，到小行星样本中封 存的生命化学线索；这一年里，天文学在多个尺度上同时迎来了重要发现。 有些发现为困扰科学界数十年的难题提供了答案，有些则开始动摇我们对宇宙基本运行规律的长期假设。 基于其科学意义、观测可靠性以及对未来研究的潜在影响，原理编辑部从众多成果中遴选出2025年最值得 关注的太空大发现。接下来，我们的太空发现之旅将由被带回地球的小行星样本开启： · 小行星里的生命线索 · 来自星际的访客 · 首次在太阳之外探测到日冕物质抛射 · 银河系中的粒子加速器 · 质量禁区中的巨兽，挑战恒星演化理论 · 最清晰的引力波，验证霍金的预言 · 能量最高的中微子现身地中海 · 宇宙"失踪重子"的藏身之所 · 加速宇宙膨胀的暗能量，或许在减弱 · 新一代望远镜开启宇宙宝箱 小行星里的生命线索 贝努是一颗直径约525米、距离地球约3.2亿千米的小行星。2023年，OSIRIS-REx探测器成功将其样本带回 地球。今年，多项研究显示，样本中不仅含有多种 ...

Group 1 - The universe does not have an "outside" as the concept of "outside" requires space and time, which are defined by the universe itself [3][5][11] - The observable universe has a radius of approximately 46.5 billion light-years and a diameter of about 93 billion light-years, but this is only a "horizon" set by the speed of light [5][7] - According to Hubble's law, galaxies that are far enough away are receding from us faster than the speed of light, meaning their light will never reach our observable universe [7][19] Group 2 - Understanding a "boundary-less universe" requires a topological perspective, with three main geometric models: flat infinite universe, closed universe, and open universe [8][11] - The concept of time is also tied to the universe's existence, as time began to have physical meaning only after the Big Bang [13][15] - Inflation theory explains the uniformity of distant galaxies' temperature and matter distribution, as they were once in a small region before being rapidly expanded [17][19] Group 3 - Dark energy, which constitutes about 68.3% of the universe's total energy, drives the accelerated expansion of the universe [19][21] - Potential outcomes of the universe's fate include the "Big Rip," where everything is torn apart, and "heat death," where the universe reaches maximum entropy and becomes a cold void [19][21] - The multiverse theory suggests our universe may be one of many, with different physical laws in each, leading to the anthropic principle that explains why our universe's parameters are suitable for life [21][23] Group 4 - The simulation hypothesis posits that if civilizations can create simulated universes, the number of simulated universes would far exceed real ones, supported by various physical phenomena [25][27] - The idea of the universe being a program raises questions about the nature of reality and existence beyond our perception [27][28] - The ability to contemplate the universe and its mysteries is seen as a significant aspect of human existence, highlighting the unique capacity for thought [28]

Group 1 - The core of Deng Zhenghong's soft power philosophy is the potential energy conversion equation, which reinterprets the fundamental laws of the universe from both physical and mathematical perspectives [1] - The theory proposes that "rules precede matter," suggesting that the essence of the universe lies in the holographic unity of latent wisdom potential and explicit material effectiveness [1][3] - Black holes are described as conversion nodes where hard power transforms into soft power potential, with the release of X-rays during the consumption of stars serving as a cosmic-level empirical example [1][2] Group 2 - The energy conversion equation proposed by Deng Zhenghong is defined as Eᵣ=κ∫(∂g/∂t )dV, where Eᵣ represents the output of converted explicit energy, κ is the conversion efficiency coefficient, and ∫(∂g/∂t )dV represents the core driving force [2] - The rules entropy formula introduced by Deng Zhenghong aims to describe the contribution of "regularity," "structure," or "order" to "entropy" in more complex systems [2] - The Ψ function model indicates that when collision parameters reach the golden ratio of 0.618, the efficiency of potential energy conversion experiences a significant increase [2] Group 3 - Deng Zhenghong's "Taiji Yin-Yang transformation" model extends the idea of dynamic balance between dark energy (latent soft power) and matter (explicit hard power) through "rule phase transitions" [3] - The rules entropy formula provides a new perspective for cosmological research, suggesting that the evolution of the universe is a process of interaction between rules and matter rather than mere disorder [3] - In the energy sector, Deng Zhenghong's soft power model reveals that current oil price fluctuations are fundamentally a dynamic equilibrium of multiple soft powers, with infrastructure resilience emerging as a new soft power indicator [3][5]

Core Insights - The article emphasizes that mistakes are an integral part of scientific progress, challenging the notion that errors should be avoided at all costs [2][3] - It highlights that scientific advancement occurs not through the accumulation of correct observations but through the refutation of existing theories and the proposal of new ones [3][4] Group 1: Importance of Mistakes in Science - The book "Why Greatness Needs Mistakes" illustrates that errors are common in scientific endeavors and are essential for innovation [2][4] - Examples from genetics and physics demonstrate how mistakes have led to significant advancements, such as Einstein's cosmological constant, which later contributed to the understanding of dark energy [3][4] - The article discusses the case of Hoyle's steady state universe model, which, despite being challenged, led to important insights regarding the creation of heavy elements in stars [3][4] Group 2: Distinction Between Science and Management - The article notes that many real-world problems are engineering issues rather than scientific ones, requiring a different approach to decision-making [4][5] - It points out that the cultural belief in China that scholars should take on management roles can lead to mismatches in leadership, as scientific thinking differs from management thinking [4][5] - The experience of a respected researcher who struggled in a management role illustrates the challenges faced when scientists transition to administrative positions [5] Group 3: The Nature of Scientific Inquiry - The article asserts that science is a methodology rather than an absolute truth, emphasizing the need for openness and adaptability in scientific inquiry [5][6] - It argues that the belief in the sanctity of science is a misunderstanding of its spirit, which should embrace questioning and the acceptance of new evidence [5][6]

Cosmology & Astrophysics - The talk explores the ultimate fate of the universe, including scenarios like the Big Crunch, eternal darkness, and being torn apart into nothingness [1] - It delves into concepts such as the accelerating expansion of the universe and the mysterious force of dark energy [1] - The presentation connects these seemingly distant cosmological concepts to our existence [1] Speaker Information - The speaker is Wang Shuang, an associate professor at the School of Physics and Astronomy at Sun Yat-sen University [1] - Wang Shuang is also a science writer [1] Event Information - The talk was given at a TEDx event [1] - The TEDx event was independently organized by a local community using the TED conference format [1]

Group 1 - The Chinese Association for Science and Technology has released significant scientific, engineering, and industrial technology issues for 2025 [1] - Ten frontier scientific issues include topics such as the topology and geometric classification of manifolds, the nature and mass origin of the Higgs particle, and the feasibility of using quasi-metals as substitutes for transition metals in precise synthesis and catalytic reactions [2] - Ten engineering technology challenges focus on integrated algorithms for complex model design, simulation, and manufacturing, as well as technologies for deep-sea mining equipment and environmental disturbance suppression [2] - Ten industrial technology issues address breakthroughs in high-end equipment for large-scale seawater desalination, improvements in the oxidation resistance of ultra-supercritical steam turbine blades, and the development of autonomous mining technologies for deep space resource exploration [2][3]

Core Points - The event "Science and China" and Guangdong Science Popularization in Southern Xinjiang series was held in Kashgar and the Third Division of the Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, featuring prominent scientists to inspire local students [2][6][70] - Over 10,000 students participated in 13 science lectures, which aimed to promote scientific knowledge and support regional development [3][4][6] - The activities align with national policies on science popularization and support for Xinjiang, emphasizing high-quality educational initiatives [5][6][71] Group 1 - The series of lectures included topics such as astrophysics, mathematics, and biodiversity, delivered by renowned academicians and researchers [9][20][37] - The lectures sparked curiosity among students, encouraging them to explore scientific fields and understand the relevance of mathematics in technology and daily life [22][58][60] - The event was supported by various institutions, including the Chinese Academy of Sciences and local educational authorities, highlighting a collaborative effort in science education [72][80][81] Group 2 - The initiative aims to enhance the scientific literacy of youth in Southern Xinjiang, providing them with access to quality educational resources [86][88] - The program is part of a broader strategy to implement technology assistance and talent development in the region, focusing on agriculture, health, and digital technology [83][85][91] - Future plans include expanding cooperation with various sectors to enrich science education and foster innovation among local students [92][94]

Core Insights - The Vera C. Rubin Observatory, named after the American astronomer, is set to unveil more cosmic mysteries with its operations beginning by the end of this year [1][2] - The observatory, with a budget of $810 million, will utilize the world's largest digital camera to conduct groundbreaking missions in astronomy [2][3] Group 1: Observatory Features - The observatory features an 8.4-meter diameter telescope that can create panoramic images of the southern sky every three days [3] - It is equipped with the largest "Legacy Survey of Space and Time" (LSST) digital camera, boasting a resolution of 3.2 billion pixels, designed for wide-field, rapid, and deep imaging [3][5] - The LSST camera will generate approximately 20 terabytes of data each night, which is 350 times the daily data output of the James Webb Space Telescope [3] Group 2: Scientific Missions - The observatory aims to map the universe, track dark matter, discover millions of new solar system bodies, and provide early warnings for near-Earth objects [2][6] - It will explore the mysteries of dark matter and dark energy, potentially revealing the structure of the universe and the nature of these elusive components [6][8] - The observatory will also enhance understanding of the solar system and the Milky Way by identifying near-Earth asteroids and reconstructing the galaxy's evolutionary history [7][8] Group 3: Data Accessibility and Collaboration - All observational data, including calibration images and real-time alerts, will be made freely available to the global scientific community, promoting collaboration between professional and amateur astronomers [7][8] - The observatory's advanced software processing system will utilize statistical analysis and machine learning to identify anomalies in astronomical data, generating over 8 million alerts each night [5][6]

Core Viewpoint - The book "The Story of the Universe: An Exploration Journey through Stars and Seas" by Feng Lei presents the latest advancements in cosmology, emphasizing the evolution of human understanding of the universe from vague speculation to precise measurement and verification [2][3][4]. Group 1: Historical Context - In the early 20th century, physicist Kelvin claimed that physics was complete, but challenges like the Michelson-Morley experiment and the ultraviolet catastrophe of black body radiation led to revolutions in physics, namely relativity and quantum mechanics [2]. - In the early 21st century, scientists identified new challenges in physics, categorized as "two dark, one black, and three origins," which include dark matter, dark energy, black holes, and the origins of the universe, celestial bodies, and life [2]. Group 2: Cosmological Concepts - The book discusses how measurements of cosmic expansion led to the Big Bang cosmology model, predicting that the universe originated from a monumental explosion 13.8 billion years ago, evolving from a primordial state of basic particles to stars and galaxies [3][4]. - The narrative emphasizes the philosophical implications of cosmology, linking the vastness of the universe to the fundamental particles that constitute it, thus presenting cosmology as a unified field of study [3]. Group 3: Modern Cosmology - Modern cosmology has transitioned from philosophical speculation to an independent scientific discipline, with the Big Bang model providing numerous testable predictions that have been increasingly confirmed by precise experimental measurements [4][5]. - The book aims to make complex astrophysical processes and new cosmological knowledge accessible through descriptive language, avoiding mathematical formulas to engage a broader audience [5].