4. 收集高质量信息，以便对各种方案进行比较和选择。 5. 寻找和选择优秀和/或独特的解决方案。 本文是关于管理决策过程的文章，是菲利普·德克尔教授和乔丹·米切尔教授撰写的关于自我设限型领导 力文章。 管理决策过程中的自我设限 所有领导者都需要做决策——有些决策需要复杂的分析，有些则像抛硬币一样简单。无论哪种方式，领 导者都会面临许多自身局限，这些局限会阻碍他们发挥最佳能力解决问题。 自我设限可能会损害决策的某些方面，例如： 1. 选择问题。 2. 定义问题。 3. 组建决策团队。 6. 决策的执行过程。 7. 监测决策结果。 在这些领域中的任何一个失误都可能导致糟糕的决策结果。任何人只需上网浏览各种"七步模型"，就能 成为这些流程的"专家"，但了解领导者可能采取哪些措施来阻碍这些流程，才是卓越领导力的关键。 导致（糟糕的）管理决策的因素是什么？ 决策可能基于情绪，也可能在未充分考虑其他方案或信息的情况下做出。领导者也可能因为目光短浅、 试图取悦所有人或因害怕承担责任而逃避决策，从而做出糟糕的决定。 基于个人喜好而非机构及其使命做出决策，显然会对所有相关方造成负面影响。好的决策应充分考虑个 人或团队的认知，评 ...

将投中网设为"星标⭐"，第一时间收获最新推送 今天推荐的这本书是全球首部揭秘柏基投资的权威之作《柏基投资之道》，该书全方位呈现"全球超 级成长股捕手"的投资哲学与核心策略，揭秘了百年耐心资本如何精准押注特斯拉、英伟达、谷歌、 亚马逊、奈飞、阿里巴巴、字节跳动、腾讯、美团、宁德时代等伟大公司。截止12月23日中午，我 们将从粉丝留言中选出3位优质留言赠书。 柏基为何可以穿越周期？柏基的投资之道备受投资界关注，近日，投资人李正、韩圣海推出的全球首 部揭秘柏基投资的作品《柏基投资之道》，为我们全方位呈现柏基的投资哲学与思维工具，其中魔鬼 代言人这一思考工具助力柏基摒除认知偏差，值得每一个投资机构和投资个体参考学习。 摒除认知偏差的影响对投资至关重要，当机构、个人花费大量精力研究一家公司，获得充足的信念并 且付诸投资时，如果有认知偏差的干扰，那就意味着再多努力也无济于事。毕竟，投资不是为了收 集"看起来让自己更正确"的偏见，而是为了获得回报，这需要客观的论证和证据。 魔鬼代言人，消除投资决策中的认知偏差 "魔鬼代言人"是用来帮助投资团队消除认知偏差、客观做出投资决策的工具。投资团队中需要"唱反 调"的角色，用不一样的 ...

Group 1 - The article emphasizes the importance of self-reflection and recognizing personal accountability in the face of failure, rather than attributing failures to external factors [7] - It discusses the "Dunning-Kruger effect," where individuals with lower ability tend to overestimate their competence, while those with higher ability underestimate theirs [10][12] - The concept of "confirmation bias" is highlighted, illustrating how individuals seek information that reinforces their existing beliefs, leading to a narrow perspective [15] Group 2 - The "halo effect" is explained, where people make assumptions about someone's abilities based on their appearance, leading to cognitive biases [18] - The article introduces "availability heuristic," which suggests that people judge the frequency of events based on how easily examples come to mind, potentially distorting their perception of reality [22] - The "spotlight effect" is discussed, indicating that individuals often overestimate the attention others pay to them, which can lead to unnecessary anxiety [24] Group 3 - The article addresses "herd mentality," where individuals follow the crowd without independent thought, often resulting in poor decision-making [26] - It mentions the "Zeigarnik effect," which describes how unfinished tasks can lead to anxiety and distraction, emphasizing the need to manage uncertainty [30][31] - The concept of "black-and-white thinking" is presented, where individuals view situations in extremes, which can hinder personal growth and self-acceptance [36] Group 4 - The article concludes with the idea that most worries are unfounded, as demonstrated by a psychological experiment showing that over 90% of anticipated worries do not materialize [39] - It stresses the importance of recognizing and avoiding cognitive traps to enhance personal growth and decision-making [40][42]

Group 1 - The core viewpoint of the article highlights the disparity between the perceived success of the US-China trade negotiations and the underlying data that suggests otherwise, indicating a manipulation of information by the US administration [1][2] - The article emphasizes that the market's reaction to the trade talks is influenced by selective disclosure of information, which creates a false sense of security among investors [2][4] - It points out that the intervention by GJD is a strategic move to manage market liquidity and prevent potential market disruptions, reflecting a proactive stance by institutional investors [2][4] Group 2 - The article discusses the impending interest rate cuts by the Federal Reserve, driven by lower-than-expected CPI data and the ongoing debt crisis, which presents opportunities for the A-share market [4][10] - It notes that the current market environment is more favorable compared to previous trade conflicts, with ample internal liquidity and reduced external pressures, suggesting a potential for growth in A-shares [4][10] - The article highlights the importance of data-driven decision-making for investors, contrasting the emotional responses of retail investors with the analytical approaches of institutional players [4][6] Group 3 - The article underscores the significance of quantitative data in navigating market volatility, suggesting that retail investors often fall prey to psychological biases such as herd behavior [6][8] - It advocates for the use of quantitative tools to identify institutional footprints, enabling investors to make informed decisions rather than relying on price movements alone [6][8] - The discussion concludes that understanding market dynamics through data can empower investors to withstand psychological pressures and capitalize on opportunities [8][10]