科技越发达，人们反而越焦虑。AI 的高速发展，让信息快速传递，同时也引爆了各类信息源。人们像笼子里的小白鼠，脚步忙碌，却原地踏 步。面对过载的信息，人类石器时代的大脑如何在信息时代优雅生存？下文将从认知、神经、心理以及脑科学领域出发，告诉你如何升级大 脑，更好地应对未来，迎接机遇。 我们的大脑其实更适应远古时期的生活，采集狩猎，靠原始本能和丛林智慧生存。 遗传学家证明，现存的每一个人类个体的线粒体 DNA 都来自于生活距今 15~20 万年前的一位女性，即所谓的「夏娃」。此后，智人的足迹遍布世界各 地，他们逐渐取代了同一时期的其它类人猿，比如：尼安德特人。距今 4 万年的克罗马农人的脑容量和头颅解剖结构与我们一样。 如今科技发展迅猛，信息爆炸，面对汹涌的信息碎片，混沌不确定的未来，石器时代的大脑应接不暇，无所适从，失落感、挫败感倍增。 以下的情景，你或许感同身受： 周末你跟家人商量好，需要些独自的时间看书、写字，来给自己充电 。 早上 8:00 吃完饭，你坐下思考今天要写点什么，需要寻找灵感，你随手翻出摊在书桌上的书，漫无目的地搜索一些让你感兴趣的关键字。好不容易确定 方向，又回想起好像有一个案例是很好的素材 ...

人生旅程中，我们总会走到「无人地带」，不知道前路该往哪里走。这个阶段虽然让人不适，但正是这种不确定性激活了大脑的学习机制，让 我们能够突破惯性思维，发现新的可能性。本文揭示了处于过渡空间时的认知秘密，并提供实用方法帮你解锁大脑潜能。 毕业那年，我很焦虑，离毕业还有 12 个月我就开始疯狂投简历。别人都在享受最后的学生时光，我在各大招聘网站上疯狂点击「投递简历」。 我离开大厂后，立刻投身创业。分手后立即开始新关系，上个项目刚结束就投入下一个。我总是太快填满那些空档期，因为中间的不确定感让人坐立不 安。我知道我不是唯一一个这样做的人。 也许你也这样做过。离开一份工作却不知道接下来要做什么，搬到新城市，或者分手后发现自己处在那个奇怪的无人地带。这些时刻让人不稳定。你正站 在过去的自己和即将成为的自己之间的走廊里。你的前扣带皮层（anterior cingulate cortex，大脑的冲突监测系统）拉响警报：「信息不完整！规则不明 确！」 如果我告诉你，这种不适不是心理上的 bug ，而是一个功能呢？ 人生的「无人地带」 这些让人不安的「无人地带」，人类学家给它起了个名字：过渡空间（liminal spaces）。 ...

神译局是36氪旗下编译团队，关注科技、商业、职场、生活等领域，重点介绍国外的新技术、新观点、新风向。 编者按：当生物机制、心理状态与社会环境形成良性共振时，学习便会充满乐趣。本文来自编译，希望对您有所启发。 我至今仍记得有一次历史老师布置的作业：要求我们围绕自选的历史人物制作一件"文物"。我选择了"耶 稣"，在学校图书馆耗费数小时，向馆员索要所有 提及他的书籍，最终手绘插图制作成一本小册子。 整个创作过程让我沉醉其中，至今仍是我的最爱校园项目之一。尽管我完全没能区分历史事实与后世增补内容，最终得了个差评！ 大约同一时期，我还记得自己曾坐在卧室里苦苦钻研数学方程数小时，每一秒都令人厌恶。 同一个大脑，同样的时间投入，却产生截然不同的体验。 为何有时我们热爱学习，有时却急于逃离？这种差异如何影响实际学习效果？我们又能如何改变呢？ 如何重新爱上学习 1. 当大脑说"好！" 当我们对某事真正充满好奇时，大脑会释放多巴胺，这种神经递质同样参与其他愉悦体验，由此形成良性循环：好奇心驱动探索，探索带来发现，发现触发 更多多巴胺，促使我们持续前进。 但这个机制仅在安全探索环境下生效。当学习带来威胁感，例如担心失败或被评判时， ...

Core Insights - The article highlights the significant advancements in brain-computer interface (BCI) technology, particularly its potential for rehabilitation in patients with motor function impairments due to spinal cord injuries or strokes [1][6]. Group 1: Technological Developments - The brain-computer interface technology is moving towards industrialization, with specific mention of its application in clinical trials in Henan province [1][2]. - A notable clinical trial involved a semi-invasive BCI implanted in a patient, achieving a 95% accuracy rate in decoding motor intentions from brain signals [3][4]. - The technology aims to create a direct communication pathway between the brain and external devices, bypassing damaged spinal pathways [6][7]. Group 2: Clinical Applications - Patients are actively engaged in rehabilitation through BCI, where they can control devices by imagining movements, leading to significant improvements in their motor functions [4][5]. - Over 200 patients have participated in non-invasive BCI rehabilitation programs, demonstrating the technology's effectiveness in restoring motor capabilities [5][11]. Group 3: Research and Development - Collaborative efforts are underway in Henan to advance BCI technology, with partnerships between medical institutions and tech companies focusing on clinical applications and research [9][10]. - The development of BCI technology is seen as a transformative trend in rehabilitation, with ongoing improvements in device comfort and signal acquisition accuracy [9][11]. Group 4: Future Prospects - Experts believe that BCI technology is in its early stages, akin to the "brick phone" era of mobile communication, with expectations for future advancements to lead to more compact, intelligent, and versatile devices [13][14]. - The long-term vision includes establishing clinical standards, developing proprietary BCI devices, and integrating these technologies into comprehensive health management systems [14].

Core Insights - Aging affects the brain, but it is not entirely negative; the brain can continue to grow and adapt as one ages [1][11] - Dementia has complex causes, with risk factors and biological processes beginning in youth, allowing for early intervention opportunities [1][13] - Healthy diets can maintain ideal blood pressure and cholesterol levels, providing necessary nutrients to the brain and reducing chronic inflammation, a significant risk factor for brain health [1][17] - Engaging in challenging cognitive activities can enhance "cognitive reserve," helping to fend off dementia and cognitive decline [1][20] Group 1: Brain Health and Aging - Aging changes the brain, but not all changes are detrimental; cognitive abilities may decline, but some skills like vocabulary can remain intact [10][11] - The average life expectancy in Western countries has significantly increased over the past century, but this raises concerns about brain health despite physical longevity [4][5] - Dementia is perceived as a major fear among older adults, with nearly half of respondents in a UK survey identifying it as their greatest health concern [5][6] Group 2: Preventive Measures - Early attention to brain health is crucial, with lifestyle changes showing significant effects on reducing dementia risk [6][13] - Five categories of interventions can enhance brain function and lower future dementia risk, including nutrition, cognitive training, physical exercise, mental health, and injury prevention [16][31] - A Mediterranean diet or MIND diet is beneficial for brain health, with studies indicating that strict adherence can equate cognitive abilities to being seven years younger [17][18] Group 3: Cognitive Training and Mental Health - Cognitive reserve can be enhanced through education and challenging mental tasks, which help maintain brain function despite potential damage [20][21] - Mental health is closely linked to brain health; conditions like depression and anxiety can impair cognitive function and increase dementia risk [26][27] - Social connections play a vital role in mental health, with active social engagement linked to better cognitive performance and lower dementia risk [27][28] Group 4: Physical Health and Injury Prevention - Regular physical exercise is essential for brain health, improving blood flow and reducing inflammation, which can mitigate the effects of poor diet [31][32] - Protecting the brain from injury is critical, especially in contact sports, where head injuries can lead to long-term cognitive issues [33][34] - Sleep is vital for brain health, aiding in the clearance of harmful substances and reducing the risk of cognitive decline [35][36] Group 5: Nutrition and Supplements - A balanced diet is preferred over supplements for maintaining brain health, with evidence suggesting that whole foods provide synergistic benefits not found in isolated supplements [38][40] - The overconsumption of sugar is linked to health risks, including cognitive decline, emphasizing the need for dietary moderation [39][41] - Genetic factors also play a role in dementia risk, with certain gene mutations significantly increasing susceptibility, although lifestyle changes can still mitigate risks [41][42]

Core Insights - The article challenges the notion that reaching middle age signifies a decline in cognitive abilities, suggesting instead that many important cognitive skills peak after the age of 45 [1][2] - Research indicates that cognitive abilities crucial for business, such as integrative reasoning, focus, creative problem-solving, and emotional intelligence, often reach their peak in later life [1][6] Cognitive Development Stages - The article outlines key stages of cognitive development throughout the human lifecycle, highlighting specific cognitive strengths and weaknesses at each stage: - University Brain (18-20 years): Peak working memory and detail memory, but focus is not yet optimal [5] - Mature Brain (around 25 years): Stable neural connections form a robust structure for lifelong learning [5] - MBA Brain (30s): Short-term memory, including visual memory and face recognition, reaches its best state [5] - Critical Transition Brain (40-45 years): Opportunity for cognitive upgrades and development of higher-order thinking [5] - Strategic Brain (45-55 years): Enhanced ability to handle complex problems and improved emotional interpretation [5][6] - Transformational Brain (55-65 years): Emergence of "platinum cognitive function," integrating past experiences with new challenges [6][7] - Chairperson Brain (65 years and above): Peak abstract thinking ability, despite declines in focus and vocabulary [8] Implications for Business - The findings suggest that older employees can be a competitive advantage for organizations, as their cognitive abilities can continue to develop and contribute significantly to business needs [30][31] - Companies are encouraged to invest in the continuous development of their older workforce, recognizing that strategic capabilities often mature later in careers [36] Recommendations for Cognitive Health - The article emphasizes the importance of maintaining brain health through lifestyle choices, including regular exercise, balanced nutrition, and adequate sleep [17][16] - Specific training interventions are recommended to enhance cognitive function and delay cognitive decline, such as strategic thinking exercises and mindfulness practices [20][24][28]

Financial Data and Key Metrics Changes - For Q2 2025, the company reported a net loss of $17.5 million compared to a net loss of $7.9 million in Q2 2024, primarily due to a $12 million non-cash charge related to fair value accounting measurements [22] - The loss from operations, excluding non-cash impacts, improved to $3.7 million from $7.1 million year-over-year, marking a 47% improvement [22][24] - As of June 30, 2025, the company had approximately $2.9 million in cash and cash equivalents, and a recent direct offering raised net proceeds of approximately $6.5 million [23][24] Business Line Data and Key Metrics Changes - NRx100, an intravenous ketamine product, is undergoing two regulatory approval processes, with a focus on addressing suicidal ideation in depression [13][15] - NRx101, an oral treatment for suicidal bipolar depression, has filed its initial module with the FDA and anticipates a rolling review [18][19] - Hope Therapeutics is progressing towards establishing a network of interventional psychiatry clinics, with plans to finalize the purchase of its first clinics [20][21] Market Data and Key Metrics Changes - The existing market for ketamine is projected at approximately $750 million annually, with NRx100 expected to capture a significant share if approved without toxic preservatives [18][58] - The company aims to address a large unmet medical need, particularly in the context of the public health crisis related to suicidality [15][16] Company Strategy and Development Direction - The company is focused on advancing its drug development initiatives and expanding its clinic acquisitions to build long-term value for shareholders [24] - The strategy includes leveraging the broadened Fast Track designation from the FDA for NRx100, which now encompasses all patients with suicidal ideation in depression [15] - The company aims to create a coherent network of care delivery through Hope Therapeutics, similar to successful models in other healthcare sectors [50] Management's Comments on Operating Environment and Future Outlook - Management highlighted the significant progress made in drug approvals and the establishment of a clinic network, emphasizing the transformative potential for mental health treatment in the U.S. [24] - The management expressed optimism about the upcoming regulatory milestones and the potential for substantial revenue growth from NRx100 and NRx101 [24][60] Other Important Information - The company received a PDUFA fee waiver from the FDA, saving approximately $4.3 million in filing fees, which reflects the agency's support for small business entities [21] - The management noted that the current cash position is expected to support operations well into 2026, allowing for continued advancement of drug development and clinic acquisitions [23][24] Q&A Session Summary Question: Why is the pathway for accelerated approval for NRx101? - Management explained that while the primary endpoint was not superior to an established antidepressant, the focus is on patients with unmet medical needs, allowing for a request for accelerated approval [30][31] Question: What is the expected impact of the citizen petition on benzathonium chloride? - Management indicated that the FDA is required to respond within six months and that the removal of the preservative could significantly enhance NRx's market share in the generic ketamine market [54][58] Question: What is the commercial strategy for NRx100 and NRx101? - The company plans to launch with a small, focused commercial team, leveraging existing mental health facilities and targeting high-prescribing psychiatrists for effective market coverage [68][70]

Group 1 - The core idea of consumer decision-making is that up to 95% of purchasing decisions are driven by subconscious automatic responses, indicating that brand loyalty is based on "cognitive autopilot" [2][16] - The book "Why Customers Buy Again" by Leslie Zane reveals the neural mechanisms behind the formation of consumer habits, showing that repeated choices of the same brand lead to decreased brain activity in decision-making areas [2][4] - Understanding consumer behavior is crucial for brands to maintain growth amidst economic cycles and uncertainties, emphasizing the need for a deep understanding of consumers [4][23] Group 2 - Effective marketing can change consumer behavior by leveraging existing associations and memories rather than relying solely on persuasion or promotions [5][10] - Metaphors are powerful tools in marketing that can quickly and effectively alter entrenched beliefs and behaviors by creating positive associations [6][8] - Humor, when relevant to the brand, can also break down psychological barriers and establish strong brand connections, enhancing consumer engagement [10][12] Group 3 - The concept of brand connection groups suggests that consumer choices do not follow a linear marketing funnel but can develop organically through various associations in the brain [13][14] - Brands that establish deep connections with consumers can create intuitive brand preferences, leading to automatic purchasing behaviors without conscious thought [16][17] - The ability of the human brain to change and adapt, known as neuroplasticity, allows for the formation of new neural networks based on experiences and interactions with brands [19][22] Group 4 - The competition for consumer attention occurs not just in the marketplace but within the memory and neural pathways of individuals, highlighting the importance of brand presence in consumers' minds [22][23] - Growth is essential for the survival of brands and businesses, and it can occur regardless of external circumstances, emphasizing the need for strategies that foster growth [23]

Group 1 - The concept of "flow" was introduced by Hungarian psychologist Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi, emphasizing the balance between skill level and task challenge as essential for achieving this state [1][10] - Flow is characterized by deep immersion, where individuals feel a sense of control and intrinsic motivation, leading to enhanced creativity and productivity [9][22] - The distinction between external motivation (driven by goals) and internal motivation (natural drive towards flow) is crucial in understanding how individuals can achieve this state [2][10] Group 2 - The myth of the "genius creator" often overshadows the reality that many successful individuals faced failures before achieving greatness, suggesting that creativity can be cultivated rather than being an innate trait [4][5][7] - Repeated practice and skill development are vital for entering flow, as they create neural pathways in the brain that facilitate automatic responses during creative activities [12][17][22] - The role of sensory cues in creating an environment conducive to flow is highlighted, where specific triggers can help individuals access their flow state more easily [26][28] Group 3 - The research indicates that the brain's prefrontal cortex is highly adaptable and plays a significant role in learning and skill acquisition, which is essential for achieving flow [15][16] - Studies show that expert musicians may perform worse under certain brain stimulation conditions, while novices benefit, indicating the different ways in which skill levels interact with flow [19][20] - Establishing a routine and creating a "cue-scape" can help individuals prepare for flow experiences by associating specific environments or actions with the flow state [28][32]

Core Viewpoint - The article discusses the negative impact of "extreme independence," a behavior pattern that is increasingly harming individuals in a society that promotes individualism and suppresses vulnerability [1][2]. Group 1: Definition and Origins - Extreme independence is characterized by individuals who pride themselves on handling everything alone, rarely seeking help, and often being the first to assist others [1]. - This behavior often stems from childhood experiences in chaotic environments where emotional and physiological needs were unmet, leading to a survival strategy of self-reliance [1][2]. - The phenomenon of "parentification" occurs when children are forced to care for their parents' emotional needs, neglecting their own [1]. Group 2: Psychological Impact - As these "mature" children grow into adults, they may exhibit strong responsibility and adaptability but remain highly vigilant in relationships, fearing intimacy and dependence [2]. - Internally, they often feel lonely, anxious, and disconnected from their true selves, as their brains remain in a heightened state of alert due to early emotional neglect [2]. - This defense mechanism, which once protected them, now hinders their ability to connect with others, leading to silence in times of need [2]. Group 3: Path to Change - The good news is that the nervous system is capable of change through "neuroplasticity," allowing extreme independents to learn trust and build intimate relationships [3]. - This process requires time, repetition, and conscious practice, such as expressing needs in low-risk situations and allowing vulnerability in trusted relationships [3]. - Healthy independence is defined as the willingness to take responsibility while being able to rely on others, contrasting with the notion of independence born from the inability to depend on anyone [3].