谈及美国，人们常想到自由、民主、机会之地等词汇，这些构成美国对外形象，塑造世界认 知。但观察当下美国，总统权力扩张、贸易保护主义抬头、民粹主义泛滥等现象，与"自由 灯塔"形象不符，让人质疑美国是否真是自由主义典范。 普利策奖、班克罗夫特奖获奖者史蒂文・哈恩在《自由之困》中，以严谨研究和细腻笔触呈 现不同的美国历史画卷，帮助我们从历史根源理解美国当下困境。该书打破传统自由主义主 导的美国历史叙事，指出非自由主义贯穿美国250年历史，是塑造其政治发展的结构性部 分，扎根于国家建构、法律制度与社会秩序。 今年7月，中信出版集团邀请金灿荣教授、李翔及译者袁野举办《自由之困》新书分享会。 对谈中，深入探讨美国为何一面标榜"自由灯塔"，一面深陷非自由困境，如何从历史看清其 表象下的复杂肌理，读懂当下美国社会撕裂与制度困境的缘由。对话旨在以新视角理解美 国，也为思考自身社会发展提供镜鉴。 以下内容基于金灿荣教授的讲述整理而成： 01美国的双重性：自由主义与非自由主义的长期并存 美国标榜自己是世界上最自由的国家。最早讲这个特点其实是法国人，就是托克维尔，他到美国转了一 圈，写了一个《论美国的民主》，说美国这个国家跟欧洲不同， ...

Core Viewpoint - The article discusses the complex issue of homelessness in California, particularly in Los Angeles, highlighting the paradox of a wealthy state with a significant homeless population and the societal attitudes towards freedom and welfare policies [2][7]. Group 1: Economic Context - California has the highest GDP in the U.S. at $4.1 trillion, making it the world's fourth-largest economy, yet it also has the highest number of homeless individuals in the country, with approximately 187,000 homeless people, accounting for 25% of the national total [2][4]. - The Skid Row area in Los Angeles is noted as the most densely populated homeless community in the U.S., with around 5,000 homeless individuals living there [4]. Group 2: Social Dynamics - The article emphasizes the American value of freedom, suggesting that many Americans prioritize personal freedom over economic equality, which complicates the approach to managing homelessness [7]. - Many locals express discomfort with the presence of homeless individuals but acknowledge their right to live freely, reflecting a societal tension between personal rights and community safety [7]. Group 3: Welfare Policies - California's government spends over $5 billion annually on homeless assistance, but the policies are seen as contradictory, leading to limited effectiveness in addressing the issue [9]. - Homeless individuals in Los Angeles can receive various forms of assistance, including cash aid of $221 per month, food assistance of $291, and housing subsidies ranging from $300 to $1,000, which can incentivize some to remain homeless rather than seek employment [10][11]. Group 4: Causes of Homelessness - The article identifies three primary reasons for homelessness in the U.S.: economic bankruptcy, substance abuse, and mental health issues, with many individuals lacking savings and relying on credit [13]. - The prevalence of substance abuse is highlighted, with millions of Americans struggling with alcohol and drug addiction, contributing to the cycle of homelessness [14][15].

Core Insights - California, despite being the wealthiest state in the U.S. with a nominal GDP of $4.1 trillion, has the highest number of homeless individuals in the country, accounting for approximately 25% of the national total [1][2] - Skid Row in Los Angeles is the most densely populated homeless community in the U.S., with around 5,000 homeless individuals living there, over 50% of whom sleep on the streets [2][3] - The U.S. prioritizes individual freedom over equality, leading to a reluctance to impose strict regulations on the homeless population, which complicates efforts to manage the situation [6][7] Government Policies and Welfare - California's "Housing First" policy aims to provide housing for the homeless before addressing broader community issues, but this approach has proven costly and inefficient [7] - Local governments play a crucial role in welfare distribution, with California spending over $5 billion annually on homeless assistance, yet policies often contradict each other, leading to limited effectiveness [8][9] - Homeless individuals in Los Angeles can receive various forms of assistance, including cash aid, food assistance, medical care, and housing subsidies, with monthly cash aid ranging from $500 to $1,500 depending on circumstances [9][10][11][12] Causes of Homelessness - The primary reasons for homelessness in the U.S. include economic bankruptcy, substance abuse, and mental health issues, with many individuals lacking savings and relying on credit [14][15] - The high cost of living in cities like Los Angeles, where rent can exceed $1,500, often leads individuals to prefer living on the streets and relying on government assistance rather than maintaining a stable residence [14] - Substance abuse is prevalent, with millions of Americans struggling with alcohol and drug addiction, contributing to the cycle of homelessness [15][16]

Core Argument - The book "The Crisis of Freedom" by Pulitzer Prize-winning historian Steven Hahn argues that illiberalism has been a fundamental aspect of American history, challenging the notion that the U.S. has always been a beacon of liberalism [1][4][25] Group 1: Historical Context of Liberalism and Illiberalism - The connection between America and liberalism has been long-standing, particularly in political and rights contexts, forming the basis of America's unique historical narrative [3][4] - Critics from both the left and right have pointed out the limitations and failures of liberalism, suggesting that it is often intertwined with illiberal practices [4][5] - Illiberalism has emerged as a significant challenge to liberal norms, gaining recognition only recently as a concept that questions the established liberal democratic standards [4][5] Group 2: Characteristics of Illiberalism - Illiberalism is associated with hierarchical orders, elite rule, limited political participation, militarism, and a clear delineation of enemies, often mocking liberal ideals [5][6] - The book emphasizes that illiberalism is not merely a reaction to liberalism but has deep historical roots that predate the emergence of liberal thought [5][9] - Illiberalism encompasses a range of political and cultural ideas that have shaped American society, often manifesting in various forms of authority and community dynamics [10][11] Group 3: Evolution of Illiberalism in American History - The book traces the historical trajectory of illiberalism in America, highlighting its persistent features such as community dominance, suspicion of outsiders, and a desire for cultural homogeneity [10][11] - Illiberalism has been a central force in shaping political and cultural dynamics, influencing the nature of governance and societal relations throughout American history [11][12] - The narrative of illiberalism is presented as a complex interplay of social practices and political authority, rather than a mere opposition to liberalism [19][20] Group 4: Contemporary Implications - The book aims to reveal the fragile foundations of liberal principles and the significant obstacles faced by movements advocating for rights and inclusion [21][22] - It discusses how illiberalism has been intertwined with right-wing politics in America, although it does not equate illiberalism solely with conservatism [22][23] - The exploration of illiberalism in the context of social justice movements highlights the ongoing struggle for inclusion and empowerment among marginalized groups [24][25]

以下文章来源于首席侧写师 ，作者阳明山人 首席侧写师 . 观人，鉴历史，知天地。 2025年6月，洛杉矶街头因联邦移民执法局（ICE）的突击搜查爆发大规模骚乱。特朗普未经加州州长纽森 同意，将2000名加州国民警卫队"联邦化"并增派海军陆战队镇压，纽森斥其行动"非法且疯狂"，要求收回指 挥权。特朗普公开威胁逮捕纽森，后者以"来啊，来抓我啊！"的挑衅姿态回应，将联邦与州的权力冲突推向 白热化，瞬间吸引了全美乃至全世界的目光。 一个小小州长，竟然跟自家总统公开对着干，难道美国政坛都是这么无法无天的吗？坊间大爷大妈纷纷议 论，特朗普要是连自己国内一个州长都拿捏不了，那可不就彻底名誉扫地了？ 你可别说，特朗普还真拿这个纽森没什么办法，所谓"逮捕"只不过是一句空洞的口头威胁罢了。况且，纽 森"反特"，早已不是一天两天的事了。 旧金山走出来的"自由派旗手" 纽森的故事始于旧金山一条破旧公寓走廊。5岁就经历了父母离异的他，看着母亲打三份工维持生计。纽森 的童年记忆中，充斥着永远凑不齐的房租和深夜便利店的面包。他从小就患有阅读障碍，这使得他学业艰 难。不过，幸好他有不错的体育天赋，让他在棒球场上找到了属于自己的光芒，直到一场 ...

特朗普政府和右派政治团体指责学生运动为"反犹主义"，因此要"整顿"相关大学，要求这些学校打击 反犹主义、限制国际学生、取消DEI政策。 特朗普最有威力的武器就是取消联邦政府提供给大学的科研拨款。哥伦比亚大学是第一个投降的，但 声望最高的哈佛大学选择了强硬对抗。 本文来自微信公众号： 秦朔朋友圈 （ID：qspyq2015） ，作者：岳富涛，题图来自：AI生成 近期，特朗普政府与哈佛大学的冲突持续升级，宣布取消哈佛招收国际生的资格，要求6800名国际 生72小时内立即转学。哈佛就此向联邦法院起诉美国政府。 5月29日，联邦法院召开听证会。但戏剧性的是，就在听证会召开之前，美国移民和海关执法局代理 局长发布了一封信，给了哈佛30天的宽限期，哈佛可以在一个月内对政府撤销该认证的决定提出质 疑。特朗普本人也改口说，哈佛可以保留15%的国际学生比例。 在当天的听证会上，联邦法官艾莉森·伯罗斯 （Allison Burroughs） 表示计划发布初步禁令，禁止特 朗普政府在未遵循法定程序的情况下撤销哈佛大学的学生和交流访问者项目 （SEVP） 认证。她强 调："我确实认为需要发布命令。它不需要过于严厉，但我希望确保现状不 ...

酝酿这场暴雨的是特朗普政府。今年1月以来，特朗普政府对多所美国顶尖大学发出威胁，称如果这些 学校不调整政策，将面临削减资金的后果。特朗普政府的主要要求包括打击"校园内的反犹主义"，以及 废除大学内向少数族裔倾斜的多元化举措。 "战火"烧到哈佛是在3月底。今年3月31日，美国教育部、卫生与公众服务部以及美国总务管理局宣布， 将对哈佛大学近90亿美元的联邦合同及拨款进行审查，以确保其履行了"民权责任"。 看到校长艾伦·加伯发出的公开信时，正在哈佛大学就读的中国留学生李思瀚感觉振奋了不少。此前， 受特朗普政府威胁要削减大学资金、撤销国际学生签证等消息影响，哈佛大学校内人心惶惶，尤其是像 李思瀚一样的国际生更是深感不安，不知何时就会突然被要求中断学业。 "任何政府——无论哪个政党执政——都不应规定私立大学可以教授什么课程、可以招收和聘用哪些学 生，以及可以从事哪些研究和探究领域。"4月14日，加伯在公开信中严词拒绝了特朗普政府向哈佛大学 提出的整改要求，称哈佛"不会牺牲其独立性，不会放弃宪法赋予的权利"。 这封公开信在哈佛校内获得了广泛支持。"很明显的感受是，这一次学校内比较团结。"李思瀚对新京报 记者说，"哈佛校内 ...

Group 1 - The Democratic Party is currently facing significant internal divisions and challenges in responding to the Trump administration's policies, leading to a lack of unified strategy and direction [1][2][3] - There is a notable split within the Democratic Party regarding how to approach Trump, with some members advocating for compromise while others call for a clear opposition [2][3] - The party's internal conflicts are exacerbated by generational divides and differing ideologies, which hinder its ability to present a cohesive front [3][4] Group 2 - The expansion of presidential power under Trump has raised concerns about the balance of power in the U.S. government, with Trump utilizing executive orders to bypass Congress [5][6] - The Democratic Party's response to Trump's actions has been characterized by confusion and a lack of decisive action, leading to increased pressure from grassroots supporters for a stronger stance [6][10] - Recent grassroots movements and protests indicate a potential shift within the Democratic Party towards a more progressive and confrontational approach against Trump and his policies [10][11] Group 3 - The Democratic Party's historical ability to propose grand governance ideas is being challenged, as current internal divisions may lead to the emergence of more extreme factions within the party [9][10] - The upcoming midterm elections in 2026 are seen as a critical opportunity for the Democratic Party to regroup and potentially introduce new leadership to revitalize its platform [12]