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锂电池产业链跟踪点评:2025年12月电池产销量同环比双增长
Dongguan Securities· 2026-01-16 09:56
Investment Rating - The industry investment rating is "Overweight," indicating that the industry index is expected to outperform the market index by more than 10% over the next six months [5]. Core Insights - In December 2025, the production and sales of new energy vehicles (NEVs) and batteries showed year-on-year growth but a month-on-month decline, primarily due to consumer hesitation during a subsidy policy gap [4]. - The penetration rate of NEVs reached 52.3% in December, a decrease of 0.9 percentage points month-on-month, while the annual penetration rate for 2025 was 47.9%, an increase of 7 percentage points year-on-year [4]. - The battery production and sales in December 2025 saw significant growth, with production at 201.7 GWh (up 14.4% month-on-month, 62.1% year-on-year) and sales at 199.3 GWh (up 11.1% month-on-month, 57.5% year-on-year) [4]. - The demand for power batteries is expected to weaken in the short term due to the traditional off-season for the NEV market and adjustments in the vehicle purchase tax [4]. - The solid-state battery industry is progressing towards commercialization, which will create incremental demand for materials and equipment in the industry chain [4]. Summary by Sections New Energy Vehicle Market - December 2025 saw NEV production and sales of 171.8 million and 171 million units, respectively, with year-on-year growth of 12.3% and 7.2%, but month-on-month declines of 8.6% and 6.2% [4]. - For the entire year of 2025, NEV production and sales reached 16.626 million and 16.49 million units, with year-on-year growth of 29% and 28.2% [4]. Battery Production and Sales - In December 2025, the production of power and energy storage batteries was 201.7 GWh, with a year-on-year increase of 62.1% [4]. - The sales of power batteries accounted for 72.1% of total sales, with a month-on-month increase of 7.3% and a year-on-year increase of 49.2% [4]. Export and Market Dynamics - Battery exports in December 2025 reached 32.6 GWh, with a year-on-year increase of 49.2% [4]. - The report anticipates stable demand in the energy storage market and potential short-term support for demand due to adjustments in export tax policies [4]. Investment Recommendations - The report suggests focusing on the recovery pace of the industry chain and prioritizing sectors benefiting from solid-state battery advancements, including core materials and equipment [4]. - Key stocks to watch include CATL, EVE Energy, and others listed in the report [4].
没有产能却揽下宁德时代1200亿元大单,容百科技回应:合同总金额是估算得出
Hua Xia Shi Bao· 2026-01-16 09:32
Core Viewpoint - Rongbai Technology has signed a significant lithium iron phosphate procurement agreement with CATL, valued at over 120 billion yuan, which has raised questions from the Shanghai Stock Exchange regarding the company's ability to fulfill the contract [2][6]. Group 1: Contract Details - The agreement entails Rongbai Technology supplying 3.05 million tons of lithium iron phosphate cathode materials to CATL from 2026 to 2031, with a total sales amount exceeding 120 billion yuan [2][4]. - CATL will prioritize Rongbai Technology for new projects and product development, while Rongbai must meet CATL's quality and delivery requirements [3][4]. - The contract does not specify annual procurement quantities or prices, but CATL expects Rongbai to continuously optimize costs to provide competitive pricing [4][6]. Group 2: Market Context - The estimated price of the agreement is approximately 39,300 yuan per ton, which is lower than the current market price of lithium iron phosphate, indicating a favorable deal for CATL [4]. - As of mid-January 2026, lithium iron phosphate prices have risen significantly, with power-type prices increasing from 43,800 yuan per ton at the beginning of the year to 52,000 yuan per ton [4]. - The demand for lithium iron phosphate remains strong, with production rates increasing throughout 2025, reaching over 400,000 tons per month by the end of the year [4][5]. Group 3: Company Position and Challenges - Rongbai Technology currently lacks established lithium iron phosphate production lines, raising concerns about its ability to meet the contract requirements [6]. - The company has reported its first anticipated loss since data disclosure, projecting a loss of 150 to 190 million yuan for 2025, although it achieved profitability in the fourth quarter [7]. - Despite challenges, Rongbai Technology aims to become a comprehensive supplier of cathode materials, expanding its product offerings beyond high-nickel materials to include lithium manganese iron phosphate and sodium batteries [6][7].
印度夺华绝密技术失败!百亿投资打水漂,宝莱坞怒放抗中神剧
Sou Hu Cai Jing· 2026-01-16 08:38
近期,印度新能源产业遭遇了一场滑铁卢。印度最大民营企业之一的信实工业,斥资近百亿美元打造锂电池超级工厂的计划,终因技术壁垒被迫搁置。与此 形成鲜明对比的是,宝莱坞新片《120勇士》同期上映,影片极力渲染历史胜利的叙事,却难掩现实中的产业失落。 印度政府曾对新能源产业寄予厚望,推出一系列外资吸引政策,力图实现"自力更生印度"的愿景。这一雄心并非空穴来风——作为世界第二人口大国,该国 正面临日益严峻的环境与经济双重挑战。当前,印度电动车市场渗透率仅约3%,极低的普及度凸显了电动化转型的滞后,而这一切的根源,正是本土电池 产业链的残缺与对进口产品的过度依赖。 中国新能源产业的崛起,源于数十年的持续投入与技术积累,如今已形成完善的锂电池产业链,兼具技术优势与市场应用规模。反观印度,若想在新能源这 一未来核心产业中占据一席之地,首要任务是正视自身的技术与产业链短板。 若印度真想在2070年前实现碳中和目标,就必须承认当前科技与经济实力的巨大差距。面对冷酷现实,口号与虚构故事无法推动社会进步。技术突破需要长 期的时间与资金投入,企业需理性制定长期产业规划,而非寄望于短期技术引进实现逆转。 总而言之,印度的新能源梦,不仅需 ...
鑫椤锂电一周观察 | 2025全球锂电池产量同比大增48.5%
鑫椤锂电· 2026-01-16 06:18
Industry Highlights - Global lithium battery production is projected to reach 2297 GWh by 2025, representing a year-on-year increase of 48.5%. Power batteries will contribute significantly, reaching 1495 GWh with a growth of 40.5%, while energy storage batteries will exceed 27% market share, growing to 636 GWh at a remarkable 92.7% increase [1] Policy Changes - The Ministry of Finance and the State Taxation Administration announced a tiered export tax rebate policy for photovoltaic products, effective April 1, 2026, which includes a reduction of the VAT export rebate rate for battery products from 9% to 6%. This marks a critical transition for China's new energy industry from subsidy-driven to market-driven competition [2] Major Contracts - Contemporary Amperex Technology Co., Ltd. (CATL) signed a procurement cooperation agreement with Rongbai Technology for lithium iron phosphate materials, with a total sales amount exceeding 120 billion yuan for 305,000 tons from Q1 2026 to 2031 [3] Production Capacity - Zhongwei Co., Ltd. has commenced operations at its ternary precursor project in Indonesia, with an annual production capacity expected to gradually increase to 20,000 tons [4] Market Trends - The domestic lithium carbonate market has experienced significant price fluctuations, with prices peaking at 170,000 yuan/ton, the highest in over two years. The market remains optimistic for Q1, despite being in a traditionally slow season, driven by export tax expectations and reduced supply due to maintenance at major lithium salt plants [6] Pricing Updates - As of January 15, 2023, battery-grade lithium carbonate is priced between 155,000 to 162,000 yuan/ton, while industrial-grade is between 141,000 to 147,000 yuan/ton. The prices for ternary materials and lithium iron phosphate have also seen increases due to rising raw material costs [7][9] Battery Production - Battery manufacturers are operating at full capacity, with the export tax policy significantly impacting energy storage and overseas clients. However, production increases are limited due to existing capacity constraints [14] Electric Vehicle Market - In early January 2026, retail sales of passenger vehicles reached 328,000 units, a 32% year-on-year decline, while new energy vehicle sales were 117,000 units, down 38% year-on-year. By 2025, China's new energy vehicle production and sales are expected to reach 16.626 million and 16.49 million units, respectively, marking a year-on-year growth of 29% and 28.2% [15] Energy Storage - Domestic energy storage cell prices have risen, with most manufacturers increasing product prices. The market is currently in a stocking phase, with significant demand expected in the upcoming quarters [16]
容百科技深夜公告:与宁德时代1200亿元合同金额“有不确定性”
鑫椤锂电· 2026-01-16 06:18
关注公众号,点击公众号主页右上角" ··· ",设置星标 "⭐" ,关注 鑫椤锂电 资讯~ 本文来源:企业公告 1月15日晚, 容百科技发布关于再次延期回复上海证券交易所《问询函》暨公司股票继续停牌的公告。 公告中,容百科技表示鉴于《问询函》涉及的其他事项需要进一步核实,公司股票于2026年1月16日将 继续停牌1日。 1月13日晚,容百科技披露公司与宁德时代签署《磷酸铁锂正极材料采购合作协议》。协议约定自2026 年第一季度开始至2031年,容百科技合计为宁德时代供应国内区域磷酸铁锂正极材料预计为305万吨, 协议总销售金额超1200亿元。 容百科技针对《问询函》中指出的"根据公司提交的公告及备查文件,协议中并未对总销售金额进行约 定,公司未公告销售金额的确定依据"做出说明。容百科技称,协议未约定采购金额, "1200亿元合同总 金额"是公司估算得出,最终实际销售规模需根据实际订单签订时的原材料价格以及数量确定,销售金额 具有不确定性。" 预订电话:18964001371(微信同) 鑫椤会议: 会议主办:鑫椤资讯 会议时间:2026年3月19-20日 会议地点:江苏·常州 会议咨询: 13248122922 ...
碳酸锂日报(2026年1月16日)-20260116
Guang Da Qi Huo· 2026-01-16 05:35
Report Investment Rating - No information provided in the report Core Viewpoints - On January 15, 2026, the lithium carbonate futures 2605 dropped 1.31% to 163,220 yuan/ton. The average price of battery-grade lithium carbonate decreased by 4,000 yuan/ton to 159,000 yuan/ton, and the average price of industrial-grade lithium carbonate fell by 4,000 yuan/ton to 155,500 yuan/ton. The battery-grade lithium hydroxide (coarse particles) declined by 3,500 yuan/ton to 150,500 yuan/ton. The warehouse receipt inventory increased by 47 tons to 27,205 tons [3]. - In terms of supply, the weekly production increased by 70 tons to 22,605 tons. The production from spodumene increased by 165 tons to 14,124 tons, while the production from lepidolite decreased by 20 tons to 2,936 tons, the production from salt lake decreased by 40 tons to 3,145 tons, and the production from recycled materials decreased by 35 tons to 2,400 tons. The lithium carbonate production in January 2026 is expected to decline by 1.2% to 97,970 tons. On the demand side, the production of ternary materials in January 2026 is expected to decline by 5% to 78,180 tons; the production of lithium iron phosphate is expected to decline by 10% to 363,400 tons; the production of ternary power batteries in January 2026 is expected to decline by 6.15% to 28.7 GWh, the lithium iron power batteries are expected to decline by 9.77% to 90.01 GWh, and the lithium iron energy storage is expected to increase by 0.99% to 63.15 GWh. In terms of inventory, the weekly social inventory of lithium carbonate decreased by 263 tons to 109,679 tons, with the downstream inventory decreasing by 888 tons to 35,652 tons, the inventory in other links decreasing by 720 tons to 54,300 tons, and the upstream inventory increasing by 1,345 tons to 19,727 tons [3]. - Considering the export tax - rebate adjustment, strong terminal expectations, anti - involution of battery manufacturers, and the upward revision of production schedules by cathode materials manufacturers, even though the significant increase in raw material prices may suppress terminal demand, it is difficult to disprove this in the short term. Under the trading logic of low downstream inventory and long - term bullishness on lithium prices, there will still be stocking demand and speculative demand from funds even if the price drops. Therefore, without the demand being disproven, the overall price trend is likely to rise rather than fall, and short - term capital disturbances should be vigilant [3]. Summary by Directory 1. Daily Data Monitoring - Futures: The closing price of the main contract was 163,220 yuan/ton, up 1,280 yuan from the previous day; the closing price of the continuous contract was 161,900 yuan/ton, down 4,440 yuan [5]. - Lithium ore: The price of spodumene concentrate (6%, CIF China) was 2,060 US dollars/ton, down 40 US dollars; the price of lepidolite (Li2O: 1.5% - 2.0%) was 3,090 yuan/ton, down 50 yuan; the price of lepidolite (Li2O: 2.0% - 2.5%) was 4,935 yuan/ton, down 55 yuan; the price of amblygonite (Li2O: 6% - 7%) was 16,250 yuan/ton, down 500 yuan; the price of amblygonite (Li2O: 7% - 8%) was 17,850 yuan/ton, down 650 yuan [5]. - Lithium carbonate and lithium hydroxide: The price of battery - grade lithium carbonate was 159,000 yuan/ton, down 4,000 yuan; the price of industrial - grade lithium carbonate was 155,500 yuan/ton, down 4,000 yuan; the price of battery - grade lithium hydroxide (coarse particles) was 150,500 yuan/ton, down 3,500 yuan; the price of battery - grade lithium hydroxide (micropowder) was 154,850 yuan/ton, down 3,500 yuan; the price of industrial - grade lithium hydroxide (coarse particles) was 143,900 yuan/ton, down 3,500 yuan; the price of battery - grade lithium hydroxide (CIF China, Japan, and South Korea) was 16 US dollars/kg, unchanged [5]. - Other products: The price of lithium hexafluorophosphate was 155,000 yuan/ton, down 1,000 yuan; the price difference between battery - grade lithium carbonate and industrial - grade lithium carbonate was 3,500 yuan/ton, unchanged; the price difference between battery - grade lithium hydroxide and battery - grade lithium carbonate was - 8,500 yuan/ton, up 500 yuan; the price difference between CIF China, Japan, and South Korea battery - grade lithium hydroxide and SMM battery - grade lithium hydroxide was - 38,397.6 yuan/ton, up 3,410 yuan; the price of ternary precursor 523 (polycrystalline/power type) was 119,050 yuan/ton, up 1,200 yuan; the price of ternary precursor 523 (single - crystal/consumer type) was 105,350 yuan/ton, up 800 yuan; the price of ternary precursor 622 (polycrystalline/consumer type) was 98,600 yuan/ton, up 1,300 yuan; the price of ternary precursor 811 (polycrystalline/power type) was 119,250 yuan/ton, up 1,700 yuan; the price of ternary material 523 (polycrystalline/consumer type) was 192,350 yuan/ton, unchanged; the price of ternary material 523 (single - crystal/power type) was 182,600 yuan/ton, unchanged; the price of ternary material 622 (polycrystalline/consumer type) was 188,100 yuan/ton, unchanged; the price of ternary material 811 (power type) was 205,000 yuan/ton, unchanged; the price of lithium iron phosphate (power type) was 55,715 yuan/ton, down 875 yuan; the price of lithium iron phosphate (mid - high - end energy storage) was 54,167.5 yuan/ton, down 917.5 yuan; the price of lithium iron phosphate (low - end energy storage) was 50,585 yuan/ton, down 635 yuan; the price of lithium manganate (power type) was 56,500 yuan/ton, up 500 yuan; the price of lithium manganate (capacity type) was 54,000 yuan/ton, unchanged; the price of cobalt acid lithium (60%, 4.35V/domestic) was 404,500 yuan/ton, unchanged; the price of 523 square ternary cells was 0.525 yuan/Wh, up 0.017 yuan; the price of 523 soft - pack ternary cells was 0.54 yuan/Wh, up 0.01 yuan; the price of 523 cylindrical ternary batteries was 4.85 yuan/piece, unchanged; the price of square lithium iron phosphate cells was 0.356 yuan/Wh, up 0.004 yuan; the price of square lithium iron phosphate cells (small power type) was 0.47 yuan/Wh, unchanged; the price of cobalt acid lithium cells was 7.75 yuan/Ah, unchanged; the price of square lithium iron phosphate batteries was 0.306 yuan/Wh, up 0.001 yuan [5]. 2. Chart Analysis - **Ore prices**: Charts show the price trends of spodumene concentrate (6%, CIF), lepidolite (1.5% - 2.0%), lepidolite (2.0% - 2.5%), and amblygonite (6% - 7%, 7% - 8%) from 2024 - 2026 [6][9]. - **Lithium and lithium salt prices**: Charts display the price trends of metallic lithium, battery - grade lithium carbonate average price, industrial - grade lithium carbonate average price, battery - grade lithium hydroxide price, industrial - grade lithium hydroxide price, and lithium hexafluorophosphate price from 2024 - 2026 [12][14][17]. - **Price differences**: Charts present the price differences between battery - grade lithium hydroxide and battery - grade lithium carbonate, battery - grade lithium carbonate and industrial - grade lithium carbonate, CIF China, Japan, and South Korea battery - grade lithium hydroxide and domestic battery - grade lithium hydroxide, battery - grade lithium carbonate (CIF Asia) and domestic battery - grade lithium carbonate, and the basis from 2024 - 2026 [19][20][21]. - **Precursor and cathode materials**: Charts show the price trends of ternary precursors, ternary materials, lithium iron phosphate, lithium manganate, and cobalt acid lithium from 2024 - 2026 [25][27][30]. - **Lithium battery prices**: Charts display the price trends of 523 square ternary cells, square lithium iron phosphate cells, cobalt acid lithium cells, and square lithium iron phosphate batteries from 2024 - 2026 [32][36]. - **Inventory**: Charts show the inventory trends of downstream, smelters, and other links from May 29, 2025, to January 15, 2026 [38][40]. - **Production cost**: The chart shows the production profit trends of lithium carbonate from different raw materials (such as外购三元极片黑粉, 外购磷酸铁锂极片黑粉, 外购锂云母精矿, 外购锂辉石精矿) from 2024 - 2026 [43][44].
2025年广西外贸进出口总额突破8000亿元
Guang Xi Ri Bao· 2026-01-16 02:58
Core Insights - In 2025, Guangxi's foreign trade showed strong resilience, with a total import and export value of 819.26 billion yuan, marking an 8.4% year-on-year growth, surpassing both scale and growth rate of 8% for the first time [1] - Guangxi ranked 13th nationally and 2nd in the western region for foreign trade scale, with a growth rate exceeding the national average by 4.6 percentage points, placing it 11th nationally and 7th in the western region [1] Group 1: Trade with ASEAN - In 2025, Guangxi's trade with ASEAN reached 429.22 billion yuan, a year-on-year increase of 8%, accounting for nearly half of Guangxi's total foreign trade [2] - ASEAN has maintained its position as Guangxi's largest trading partner for 26 consecutive years, with trade with Vietnam exceeding 300 billion yuan for the first time, growing by 5.4% [2] - Trade with Indonesia, Singapore, and Myanmar saw growth rates exceeding 40% [2] Group 2: Market Diversification - Guangxi has successfully diversified its markets, with exports to Latin America, the Middle East, Africa, and the EU reaching 121.95 billion yuan, 51.1 billion yuan, 47.12 billion yuan, and 28.15 billion yuan respectively, with growth rates of 27.4%, 21.6%, 15.8%, and 46.3% [2] - The number of trading entities with import and export records reached 6,155, an increase of 550 from the previous year, indicating enhanced vitality in foreign trade [2] Group 3: Role of Enterprises - Private enterprises played a crucial role in foreign trade, with imports and exports totaling 563.45 billion yuan, a 4.7% increase, accounting for nearly 70% of Guangxi's foreign trade [2] - State-owned and foreign enterprises also contributed significantly, with imports and exports of 151.91 billion yuan and 74.62 billion yuan respectively, growing by 22.7% and 23.6% [2] Group 4: Industrial Growth - Guangxi's industrial economy has steadily grown, supporting high-quality foreign trade development, with exports of electronic information products reaching 89.34 billion yuan, a 36.9% increase [3] - Exports of automotive parts and lithium batteries were 31.11 billion yuan and 25.38 billion yuan, growing by 24.6% and 60.7% respectively [3] - Imports of major commodities, driven by key industries such as non-ferrous metals and steel, totaled 194.16 billion yuan, a 9% increase, accounting for nearly 60% of Guangxi's total imports [3]
继续看好固态电池板块
2026-01-16 02:53
继续看好固态电池板块!20260115 摘要 碳酸锂价格受出口退税抢发预期影响超预期上涨,加速锂电池产业链通 胀,短期内供需结构性错配将加速盈利修复。预计 2026 年动力储能领 域锂电池需求同比增长 30%,国家补贴政策优化利好中高端车型消费及 电动重卡渗透。 出口退税率调整(2026 年 4 月起降至 6%,计划 2027 年 1 月前取消剩 余 6%)可能导致抢出口现象,尤其年底刺激更强,或将超预期提升今 年锂电池需求。 短期投资策略建议关注供需偏紧、具有涨价弹性的品种,如六氟磷酸锂、 VC、碳酸锂等。下半年看好隔膜、铜箔等资本开支放缓环节,电池环节 盈利有望在二季度再次上行。 全球首个车用固态电池国标草案发布,明确 120 摄氏度下 6 小时热箱试 验失重率小于等于 0.5%的量化指标,提升固态电池标准门槛,利于产 业化推进。工信部重申加快突破全固态技术,提振市场信心。 固态电池具备本征安全、宽温域、抗辐射及高能量密度优势,适用于太 空航天应用,预计到 2030 年太空光伏对应至少 100GWh 的固态需求, 商业航天加速推进打开固态远期市场空间。 Q&A 近期锂电板块的整体表现和市场预期如何? 自 ...
新技术新产品密集亮相 蜂巢能源以差异化布局突围动力电池红海
Core Insights - The article highlights the technological innovations driving product upgrades at Hive Energy, which is exploring new paths for the domestic lithium battery industry [1][19] - By 2025, the penetration rate of new energy vehicles (NEVs) in the domestic passenger car market is expected to reach 59.1%, with an overall penetration rate exceeding 50% for the year [1] - The industry anticipates that NEVs will continue to dominate the domestic automotive consumption market in 2026, with consumer demands evolving towards high safety, cost-effectiveness, and long-range capabilities [1] Group 1: Product Innovations - Hive Energy held its sixth Battery Day on January 13, unveiling the stacked 4.0 manufacturing process and a series of new products including the Fortress 2.0 battery and the Dragon Scale 3.0 battery, showcasing its technological reserves and product layout aimed at achieving profitability in 2026 [3] - The Fortress 2.0 battery, designed for the Chinese market, has a total capacity of 80 kWh, making it one of the largest plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) battery packs globally, optimized through systematic technological innovations rather than merely increasing cell parameters [5][8] - The Dragon Scale 3.0 battery has been optimized for compatibility with CTC (cell-to-chassis) and CTB (cell-to-body) technologies, addressing industry pain points related to traditional battery layouts [11] Group 2: Safety and Efficiency Enhancements - The Fortress 2.0 battery features a high integration technology that improves volume utilization by 6% and employs supercharging graphite technology, allowing for a charging speed of up to 6C, enabling 10% to 80% SOC charging in just 10 minutes [8] - The Dragon Scale battery system incorporates thermal separation and dual-side cooling designs, enhancing safety levels and gaining recognition from several high-end luxury brands [9] - The newly introduced ion oscillation technology allows for a 25% reduction in charging time by intelligently adjusting current during the charging process, addressing user concerns about charging anxiety [16] Group 3: Market Expansion and Strategic Positioning - The energy storage market is emerging as a new growth engine for the lithium battery industry, with Hive Energy launching the world's first stacked 588Ah energy storage battery and developing a 866Ah version to meet the demand for large-capacity storage systems [17] - The company is also expanding its technology applications into various scenarios, including the release of high-capacity HEV batteries to facilitate the intelligent transformation of traditional fuel vehicles [19] - As the power battery industry transitions from a blue ocean to a red ocean competitive landscape, Hive Energy's focus on technological innovation and differentiated positioning is becoming its core competitive advantage, contributing to the global leadership of China's new energy industry [19]
新能源汽车销量有望延续增长,关注新能源车ETF(159806)
Mei Ri Jing Ji Xin Wen· 2026-01-16 02:04
Group 1 - The core viewpoint of the article highlights the robust growth in the new energy vehicle (NEV) sector, with significant increases in production and sales expected to continue through 2025, driven by favorable policies and market demand [2][3] - In 2025, China's automobile production and sales are projected to exceed 34 million units, setting a new historical record, with NEV sales reaching 16.62 million units, reflecting a year-on-year growth of 29% [2] - The domestic sales of new energy vehicles have surpassed 50% of total new car sales, indicating a strong market shift towards electric vehicles [2] Group 2 - The demand for lithium batteries is expected to rise continuously, supported by the growth of the global NEV market and the energy storage sector, particularly in data centers [3] - Recent policy discussions among government departments aim to rationalize capacity planning in the battery industry, which is anticipated to benefit the long-term health of the sector [3] - Innovations in battery technology, such as solid-state and sodium batteries, are accelerating, with leading lithium battery manufacturers exploring new business models and expanding overseas [3]