有色金属冶炼及压延加工业
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有色早报-20250827
Yong An Qi Huo· 2025-08-27 01:47
Group 1: Overall Market Sentiment - Market risk preference remained high this week despite weak domestic economic and financial data in July [1] Group 2: Copper - Downstream orders showed support around 7.8 this week, and the scrap-to-refined substitution effect continued to appear [1] - In August, under the full supply pattern, a small inventory build-up is expected, but the market may focus more on the tight balance pattern after the off-season [1] Group 3: Aluminum - Supply increased slightly from January to June, with aluminum ingot imports contributing to the growth [2] - August demand is expected to be a seasonal off-season, with a possible slight improvement in the middle and late stages [2] - Aluminum exports improved month-on-month, while photovoltaic demand declined, and overseas demand dropped significantly [2] - In August, a small inventory build-up is expected [2] Group 4: Zinc - This week, zinc prices fluctuated widely [5] - On the supply side, domestic TC increased with difficulty, and some scattered orders even decreased, while imported TC further increased [5] - In August, the increase in smelting output was further realized, and the overseas mine output in the second quarter exceeded expectations [5] - On the demand side, domestic demand was seasonally weak, with limited growth but some resilience [5] - Overseas, European demand was average, but some smelters faced production resistance due to processing fees [5] - Domestically, social inventories fluctuated and increased, while overseas LME inventories decreased rapidly [5] - In the short term, zinc prices are expected to rebound supported by interest rate cut expectations and domestic commodity sentiment [5] - In the medium and long term, a short position is recommended [5] - For the domestic and overseas spread, a long domestic-short overseas position can be maintained [5] - For the monthly spread, a long near-month-short far-month position can be considered [5] Group 5: Nickel - On the supply side, pure nickel production remained at a high level [6] - On the demand side, overall demand was weak, and the premium remained stable recently [6] - On the inventory side, domestic and overseas nickel plate inventories remained unchanged [6] - In the short term, the fundamental situation is average, and the macro situation is mainly about anti-involution policy games [6] - The opportunity to shrink the nickel-stainless steel price ratio can continue to be monitored [6] Group 6: Stainless Steel - On the supply side, some steel mills cut production passively, and some in the north were affected by the military parade [7] - On the demand side, demand was mainly for rigid needs, and some replenishment increased due to the macro atmosphere [7] - In terms of costs, nickel iron and chromium iron prices remained stable [7] - In terms of inventory, inventories in Xijiao and Foshan decreased slightly, and exchange warehouse receipts remained unchanged [7] - Fundamentally, the situation remained weak, and in the short term, the macro situation followed anti-involution expectations [7] - Attention should be paid to the future policy direction [8] Group 7: Lead - This week, lead prices fluctuated [9] - On the supply side, the scrap volume was weak year-on-year, and the overall supply of waste batteries was tight due to the expansion of recycling plants [9] - Under low profits, recycled lead maintained low production, and demand had no obvious boost [9] - From April to July, the concentrate production increased, but the supply was in short supply due to smelting profits, and the TC quotation declined chaotically [9] - On the demand side, the battery finished product inventory was high, and the battery production rate increased this week, but the peak season was not prosperous [9] - The refined-scrap price difference was +25, and recycled lead shipments resisted price declines [9] - LME registered warehouse receipts increased by 10,000 tons [9] - In July and August, there were expectations of a peak season, and orders generally improved, but the destocking and lead ingot purchasing efforts of terminal consumers were weak this week [9] - This week, the willingness of downstream battery factories to receive goods rebounded, but the volume of receiving warehouse receipts was only in the thousands of tons, with limited strength [9] - The exchange inventory reached a historical high of 70,000 tons; when the price declined, recycled lead supported the price, and the refined-scrap price difference was +25 [9] - Lead ingot spot was at a discount of 25, mainly maintaining long-term orders [9] - In August, primary lead supply is expected to increase, recycled lead production will decrease, and demand will improve slightly, but it is still expected that the inventory will remain at a high level [9] - It is expected that lead prices will remain in a low-level fluctuation next week [9] Group 8: Tin - This week, tin prices fluctuated widely [12] - On the supply side, the processing fee for tin ore was at a low level, and some domestic smelters cut production [12] - In early September, Yunnan smelters will start maintenance [12] - Overseas, the Wa State symposium released some signals of resuming production, but short-term recruitment difficulties and long equipment recovery cycles restricted large-scale exports before October [12] - African tin ore will have an increase in the long term, but the short-term increase is unstable [12] - There may be a risk of inspecting mine caves in Indonesia [12] - On the demand side, the elasticity of solder was limited, and there were expectations of a peak season for terminal electronic consumption, but the decline in photovoltaic growth was expected to be strong [12] - Domestic inventory decreased slightly in a fluctuating manner; overseas consumption was strong, and LME inventory was at a low level [12] - On the spot side, small-brand tin ingots were still in short supply, and most of the exchange inventory was high-priced Yunzi brand, and downstream had no strong willingness to pick up the goods [12] - Domestically, the short-term supply and demand situation remained weak, and attention should be paid to the possible short-term supply-demand mismatch from September to October and the impact of interest rate cut expectations on non-ferrous metals as a whole [12] - In the short term, it is recommended to wait and see; in the medium and long term, buy near the cost line [12] Group 9: Industrial Silicon - This week, the start-up rate of leading enterprises in Xinjiang was 67%, 32% in the west and 35% in the east, with a total increase of 8 units month-on-month, and the resumption of production was stable but still below market expectations [15] - The start-up rates in Sichuan and Yunnan increased slightly, and the monthly output was close to 120,000 tons [15] - In August, the supply-demand balance was still in a state of slight inventory reduction, and the core of the supply-demand balance was the rhythm and amplitude of Hoshine's resumption of production [15] - The unexpected production cut of leading enterprises had a significant marginal improvement effect on the supply-demand balance, and with the stable start-up of downstream silicone and polysilicon, the market's visible inventory decreased significantly [15] - The continuous high basis also led to the continuous cancellation of warehouse receipts [15] - In the short term, the resumption of production in the southwest and Hoshine continues to fall short of expectations, and the supply-demand balance in August is still slightly in short supply [15] - In the long term, the overcapacity of industrial silicon is still large, and the start-up rate is low [15] - Under the current cost curve structure, the potential start-up elasticity is high when the price reaches above 10,000 yuan, so the long-term outlook is still a cyclical bottom shock [15] Group 10: Lithium Carbonate - This week, the futures market fluctuated greatly due to the expected start-up of salt lakes and mica mines [17] - On the spot side, the peak season effect was obvious, the proportion of downstream supply decreased, the volume of scattered orders increased during the week, and the enthusiasm for replenishing at low prices was high [17] - The inquiry atmosphere was active, and the trading volume increased significantly compared with last week [17] - Since the level of spot available inventory was still high, the basis remained basically stable as a whole [17] - The basis of spodumene lithium carbonate was concentrated at 11,400 - 11,200 yuan, the basis of mica lithium carbonate was concentrated at 11,500 - 11,200 yuan, and the basis of old ore materials (March - May) was concentrated at 11,800 - 11,100 yuan [17] - The core contradiction of lithium carbonate is that under the background of long-term overcapacity and an unbalanced supply-demand pattern, the resource side faces periodic compliance disturbances [17] - With the approaching of the downstream seasonal peak season, the monthly balance after the gradual production cut of the smelter corresponding to CATL's mine has turned to continuous inventory reduction, and the performance of the peak season demand has a greater impact on the inventory reduction amplitude [17] - Therefore, in the current high macro sentiment, the price elasticity is large when the supply-side disturbance speculation is realized, and the downward support is strong [17]
白银有色(601212.SH):2025年中报净利润为-2.17亿元,同比由盈转亏
Xin Lang Cai Jing· 2025-08-27 01:32
Core Viewpoint - The company reported a significant decline in revenue and net profit for the first half of 2025, while showing improvement in cash flow from operating activities. Financial Performance - The company's total revenue for the first half of 2025 was 44.559 billion yuan, ranking 6th among disclosed peers, a decrease of 8.037 billion yuan compared to the same period last year, representing a year-on-year decline of 15.28% [1] - The net profit attributable to shareholders was -0.217 billion yuan, ranking 40th among peers, a decrease of 0.229 billion yuan compared to the same period last year, reflecting a year-on-year decline of 1859.82% [1] - Operating cash flow showed a net inflow of 5.278 billion yuan, ranking 3rd among peers, an increase of 4.294 billion yuan compared to the same period last year, achieving a 3-year consecutive increase, with a year-on-year rise of 436.79% [1] Financial Ratios - The latest debt-to-asset ratio was 64.35%, ranking 35th among peers, a decrease of 0.82 percentage points from the previous quarter, but an increase of 0.21 percentage points compared to the same period last year [3] - The latest gross profit margin was 5.55%, ranking 29th among peers, a decrease of 0.76 percentage points from the previous quarter, but an increase of 0.73 percentage points compared to the same period last year, achieving a 2-year consecutive increase [3] - The latest return on equity (ROE) was -1.41%, ranking 37th among peers, a decrease of 1.49 percentage points compared to the same period last year [3] Earnings Per Share and Turnover Ratios - The diluted earnings per share were -0.03 yuan, ranking 37th among peers, a decrease of 0.03 yuan compared to the same period last year, reflecting a year-on-year decline of 1550.00% [3] - The latest total asset turnover ratio was 0.88 times, ranking 10th among peers, a decrease of 0.19 times compared to the same period last year, representing a year-on-year decline of 18.00% [3] - The latest inventory turnover ratio was 2.64 times, ranking 27th among peers, a decrease of 0.57 times compared to the same period last year, reflecting a year-on-year decline of 17.82% [3] Shareholder Structure - The number of shareholders was 129,900, with the top ten shareholders holding 5.637 billion shares, accounting for 76.13% of the total share capital [3] - The largest shareholder, CITIC Guoan Industrial Group Co., Ltd., held 30.39% of the shares [3]
五矿期货早报有色金属-20250827
Wu Kuang Qi Huo· 2025-08-27 01:10
Report Industry Investment Rating No relevant content provided. Core View of the Report - Amidst factors such as the decline of the US dollar index and the dovish stance of the Fed Chair increasing the probability of a September interest rate cut, the overall sentiment in the non - ferrous metals market is affected. Although the optimistic sentiment in the equity market has faded, the overall prices of non - ferrous metals are expected to show a relatively strong and volatile trend. However, different metals have their own supply - demand characteristics, which will also have an impact on their price trends [1][3]. Summary by Metal Copper - **Price Performance**: LME copper rose 0.38% to $9,846/ton, and the Shanghai copper main contract reached 79,420 yuan/ton. - **Inventory**: LME copper inventory decreased by 975 to 155,000 tons, and the Shanghai Futures Exchange copper warehouse receipts decreased by 0.1 to 23,000 tons. - **Market Situation**: The supply of copper raw materials remains tight. Although the US copper tariff has led to an increase in copper supply outside the US, the overall supply surplus is expected to be small, and copper prices may fluctuate strongly. The reference range for the Shanghai copper main contract is 78,800 - 80,000 yuan/ton, and for LME copper 3M is $9,750 - 9,950/ton [1]. Aluminum - **Price Performance**: LME aluminum rose 0.63% to $2,638/ton, and the Shanghai aluminum main contract reached 20,880 yuan/ton. - **Inventory**: The Shanghai aluminum weighted contract's open interest increased by 0.4 to 594,000 lots, and the futures warehouse receipts decreased to 56,000 tons. The domestic three - place aluminum ingot inventory increased by 0.5 to 464,000 tons. - **Market Situation**: With the Fed's dovish signal and the approaching peak season, aluminum prices are expected to fluctuate strongly. The reference range for the domestic main contract is 20,750 - 21,000 yuan/ton, and for LME aluminum 3M is $2,610 - 2,660/ton [3]. Cast Aluminum Alloy - **Price Performance**: The AD2511 contract fell 0.32% to 20,265 yuan/ton. - **Inventory**: The domestic three - place recycled aluminum alloy ingot inventory increased by 0.04 to 32,400 tons. - **Market Situation**: As the downstream moves from the off - season to the peak season, costs are strongly supportive, and market activity is increasing. However, the large difference between futures and spot prices will put pressure on the nearby contracts [5]. Lead - **Price Performance**: The Shanghai lead index rose 0.38% to 16,924 yuan/ton. - **Inventory**: The Shanghai Futures Exchange lead ingot futures inventory was 58,200 tons, and the domestic social inventory decreased slightly to 63,200 tons. - **Market Situation**: The supply side shows marginal growth, and the downstream battery enterprise's operating rate has recovered rapidly. In the short term, lead prices are supported, but in the medium term, there is still a risk of decline [7]. Zinc - **Price Performance**: The Shanghai zinc index fell 0.52% to 22,272 yuan/ton. - **Inventory**: The Shanghai Futures Exchange zinc ingot futures inventory was 36,400 tons, and the domestic social inventory decreased slightly to 132,900 tons. - **Market Situation**: The zinc mine inventory is rising, and the refined zinc import is decreasing. Although the medium - term industry surplus situation remains unchanged, the dovish stance of the Fed strengthens the support for zinc prices, and it is difficult for zinc prices to fall significantly in the short term [9][10]. Tin - **Price Performance**: The Shanghai tin main contract closed at 269,760 yuan/ton, down 0.05%. - **Inventory**: The Shanghai Futures Exchange futures registered warehouse receipts increased by 120 to 7,152 tons. - **Market Situation**: The supply of tin is low, and the demand is weak in the off - season. Tin prices are expected to fluctuate. The reference range for domestic tin prices is 250,000 - 275,000 yuan/ton, and for LME tin prices is $31,000 - 34,000/ton [11]. Nickel - **Price Performance**: The Shanghai nickel main contract closed at 120,370 yuan/ton, up 0.05%. - **Market Situation**: The macro - environment is positive, but the refined nickel supply surplus situation remains unchanged, and the stainless steel demand is weak. Nickel prices are expected to oscillate. The reference range for the Shanghai nickel main contract this week is 115,000 - 128,000 yuan/ton, and for LME nickel 3M is $14,500 - 16,500/ton [12][13]. Lithium Carbonate - **Price Performance**: The Five - Mineral Steel Union lithium carbonate spot index was 79,332 yuan, unchanged from the previous day. - **Market Situation**: The supply of lithium mica has decreased, and the bottom support during the peak season has increased. The reference range for the Guangzhou Futures Exchange lithium carbonate 2511 contract is 77,000 - 82,500 yuan/ton [15]. Alumina - **Price Performance**: On August 26, the alumina index fell 3.47% to 3,063 yuan/ton. - **Inventory**: The futures warehouse receipts on Tuesday were 84,600 tons, an increase of 0.15 from the previous day. - **Market Situation**: After a significant decline in the short - term alumina futures price, the downside space is limited. It is recommended to wait and see. The reference range for the domestic main contract AO2601 is 3,100 - 3,500 yuan/ton [17]. Stainless Steel - **Price Performance**: The stainless steel main contract closed at 12,840 yuan/ton, down 0.31%. - **Inventory**: The futures inventory was 101,925 tons, a decrease of 16,715 from the previous day, and the social inventory increased by 1.19% to 1,091,700 tons. - **Market Situation**: The short - term downstream demand is insufficient, but with the approaching of the peak season, the demand is expected to increase [19].
有色套利早报-20250827
Yong An Qi Huo· 2025-08-27 00:19
Report Overview - The report provides cross - market, cross - period, spot - futures, and cross - variety arbitrage tracking data for various non - ferrous metals on August 27, 2025 [1] Cross - Market Arbitrage Tracking Copper - Spot price: domestic 79,550, LME 9,720, ratio 8.21; March price: domestic 79,180, LME 9,805, ratio 8.11; equilibrium ratio for spot import 8.14; spot export profit - 660.06 [1] Zinc - Spot price: domestic 22,280, LME 2,794, ratio 7.97; March price: domestic 22,265, LME 2,799, ratio 6.04; equilibrium ratio for spot import 8.63; spot import profit - 1,820.78 [1] Aluminum - Spot price: domestic 20,780, LME 2,617, ratio 7.94; March price: domestic 20,705, LME 2,614, ratio 7.93; equilibrium ratio for spot import 8.43; spot import profit - 1,287.62 [1] Nickel - Spot price: domestic 119,350, LME 14,885, ratio 8.02; equilibrium ratio for spot import 8.22; spot import profit - 1,806.58 [1] Lead - Spot price: domestic 16,750, LME 1,965, ratio 8.55; March price: domestic 16,920, LME 2,004, ratio 11.15; equilibrium ratio for spot import 8.82; spot import profit - 531.05 [3] Cross - Period Arbitrage Tracking Copper - Spreads for次月 - 现货月, 三月 - 现货月, 四月 - 现货月, 五月 - 现货月 are - 500, - 510, - 530, - 550 respectively; theoretical spreads are 500, 899, 1306, 1714 [4] Zinc - Spreads for次月 - 现货月, 三月 - 现货月, 四月 - 现货月, 五月 - 现货月 are - 105, - 110, - 105, - 110 respectively; theoretical spreads are 215, 336, 457, 578 [4] Aluminum - Spreads for次月 - 现货月, 三月 - 现货月, 四月 - 现货月, 五月 - 现货月 are - 70, - 80, - 115, - 150 respectively; theoretical spreads are 215, 331, 447, 563 [4] Lead - Spreads for次月 - 现货月, 三月 - 现货月, 四月 - 现货月, 五月 - 现货月 are 85, 75, 85, 90 respectively; theoretical spreads are 209, 314, 420, 525 [4] Nickel - Spreads for次月 - 现货月, 三月 - 现货月, 四月 - 现货月, 五月 - 现货月 are 300, 410, 630, 870 respectively [4] Tin - 5 - 1 spread 640; theoretical spread 5591 [4] Spot - Futures Arbitrage Tracking Copper - Spreads for当月合约 - 现货, 次月合约 - 现货 are 140, - 360 respectively; theoretical spreads are 366, 734 [4] Zinc - Spreads for当月合约 - 现货, 次月合约 - 现货 are 95, - 10 respectively; theoretical spreads are 146, 276 [4] Lead - Spreads for当月合约 - 现货, 次月合约 - 现货 are 95, 180 respectively; theoretical spreads are 157, 269 [5] Cross - Variety Arbitrage Tracking - Ratios for copper/zinc, copper/aluminum, copper/lead, aluminum/zinc, aluminum/lead, lead/zinc in Shanghai (three - continuous) are 3.56, 3.82, 4.68, 0.93, 1.22, 0.76 respectively; in London (three - continuous) are 3.50, 3.73, 4.95, 0.94, 1.33, 0.71 respectively [5]
白银有色: 白银有色集团股份有限公司2025年上半年计提资产减值准备及预计负债的公告
Zheng Quan Zhi Xing· 2025-08-26 16:40
Overview - The company announced a proposal for asset impairment and estimated liabilities for the first half of 2025, which is expected to reduce profits by 306.94 million yuan [1][2]. Asset Impairment - The company assessed its assets and recognized an impairment loss, resulting in a provision for bad debts of 1.0163 million yuan, reducing profits by the same amount [1]. - For inventory, the company recorded an impairment provision of 84.386 million yuan and reversed 95.7258 million yuan, leading to an increase in profits by 11.3398 million yuan [1]. Estimated Liabilities - The company recognized estimated liabilities of 313.9197 million yuan and 3.3420 million yuan for ongoing litigation cases, totaling a profit reduction of 317.2618 million yuan [2]. Financial Impact - The total impact of the asset impairment and estimated liabilities is a reduction of 306.9383 million yuan in the company's profits for the first half of 2025 [2]. Meeting Approvals - The proposal was reviewed and approved in meetings held on August 15 and August 26, 2025, by the Audit Committee, Board of Directors, and Supervisory Board, confirming compliance with accounting standards and policies [2].
驰宏锌锗: 驰宏锌锗关于董事会秘书辞职暨聘任董事会秘书的公告
Zheng Quan Zhi Xing· 2025-08-26 16:13
Group 1 - The resignation of the board secretary, Yu Meng, was announced, effective August 25, 2025, due to a job transfer, and it will not impact the company's operations or management [1][2][3] - The board expressed gratitude for Yu Meng's contributions to the company's compliance and development during her tenure [2][3] - The company appointed Li Hui as the new board secretary, effective from the date of the board meeting, with a term lasting until the end of the current board's tenure [2][4] Group 2 - Li Hui possesses the necessary professional knowledge and qualifications to fulfill the role of board secretary, having completed the required training and received approval from the Shanghai Stock Exchange [2][4] - As of the announcement date, Li Hui does not hold any shares in the company and meets the criteria for being nominated as a senior management personnel [4][5]
白银有色:上半年归母净亏损2.17亿元,同比由盈转亏
Xin Lang Cai Jing· 2025-08-26 14:13
Group 1 - The company reported a revenue of 44.559 billion yuan for the first half of the year, representing a year-on-year decrease of 15.28% [1] - The net loss attributable to shareholders was 2.17 million yuan, compared to a net profit of 12.3373 million yuan in the same period last year [1] - The basic earnings per share were -0.029 yuan [1]
白银有色(601212.SH)上半年净亏损2.17亿元
Ge Long Hui A P P· 2025-08-26 13:16
Summary of Key Points Core Viewpoint - The company reported a significant decline in revenue and a net loss for the first half of 2025 compared to the same period last year [1] Financial Performance - The company achieved an operating revenue of 44.559 billion yuan, representing a year-on-year decrease of 15.28% [1] - The net profit attributable to shareholders was -217 million yuan, contrasting with a net profit of 12.3373 million yuan in the same period last year [1] - The basic earnings per share were -0.029 yuan [1]
新疆众和: 新疆众和股份有限公司关于控股孙公司开展套期保值业务的可行性分析报告
Zheng Quan Zhi Xing· 2025-08-26 12:17
Group 1 - The company aims to expand into the upstream alumina industry while continuing to strengthen its aluminum electronic materials sector, implementing a strategy of integrated industrial chain development [1] - The company plans to invest in a 2.4 million ton per year alumina project through its subsidiary, which is expected to commence production in the first half of 2026, with price fluctuations of alumina products potentially impacting profits [1][5] - The hedging strategy will utilize futures and options in the alumina market to mitigate price risk, with a commitment to avoid speculative trading [1][5] Group 2 - The hedging will be based on the actual production and sales of alumina, with a maximum of 2.4 million tons hedged over the next 12 months, ensuring that the hedging positions do not exceed sales volume [1] - The funding for the hedging activities will come entirely from the company's own funds, with a maximum margin requirement of 1.152 billion yuan per trading day and a maximum contract value of 9.6 billion yuan [2] - The duration of the hedging business will last until the next annual shareholders' meeting, not exceeding 12 months from the approval date [2] Group 3 - The company has identified potential risks associated with the hedging activities, including liquidity risks and operational errors, and has established measures to mitigate these risks [2][3] - The company will strictly adhere to hedging practices that correspond to actual production needs and will not engage in speculative trading [2][5] - The accounting treatment for the hedging activities will comply with relevant financial regulations and standards [4]
蒙泰集团“跨界”成长 位居中国民营企业500强第252位
Nei Meng Gu Ri Bao· 2025-08-26 09:50
Core Viewpoint - The company, Montai Group, has successfully developed a technology to extract aluminum-silicon alloy materials from industrial solid waste, specifically fly ash and coal gangue, contributing to both economic and ecological benefits [1][3][6]. Group 1: Technology and Innovation - Montai Group has established a research and development team of nearly 500 people, focusing on overcoming technical bottlenecks in extracting aluminum-silicon oxide from high-alumina fly ash and coal gangue [3][6]. - The company has built a state-of-the-art research facility and established innovation centers in Germany and Japan to support its technological advancements [3][6]. - The extraction technology developed by Montai Group has been recognized as a significant achievement in the region's "Technology Prosperity" initiative [3][6]. Group 2: Environmental Impact - Montai Group utilizes wind energy for its aluminum production, generating approximately 146 million kilowatt-hours annually, which saves about 58,300 tons of standard coal and reduces CO2 and SO2 emissions by 149,600 tons [5]. - The company has transitioned from traditional waste disposal methods to a more sustainable approach by converting industrial waste into valuable materials [3][5]. Group 3: Production Capacity and Market Reach - The Montai Aluminum Industrial Park has a substantial production capacity, including 220,000 tons of deep-processed aluminum, 100,000 tons of high-end aluminum alloy materials, and 500,000 tons of electrolytic aluminum annually [5]. - The company has expanded its market presence internationally by acquiring German and Swiss aluminum companies and establishing a European innovation center [5][6]. - Montai Group's products are primarily used in the electric vehicle sector, with notable clients including Tesla and Seres [5][6]. Group 4: Company Growth and Recognition - Montai Group has grown significantly since its establishment in 2001, evolving from a coal trading company to a comprehensive "coal-electricity-aluminum-materials-deep processing" cycle [6][8]. - The company ranks 252nd among China's top 500 private enterprises and 176th among the top 500 private manufacturing enterprises [8].