Core Viewpoint - The "14th Five-Year Plan" marks a milestone in China's technological development, emphasizing the importance of large scientific facilities in driving innovation and addressing fundamental scientific challenges [1][5]. Group 1: Investment in Scientific Infrastructure - Large scientific facilities are crucial for national innovation, requiring significant investment and long-term commitment [3]. - China's R&D investment is projected to exceed 3.6 trillion yuan in 2024, reflecting a steady increase in technological innovation capabilities [5]. Group 2: Core Competencies of Large Scientific Facilities - **Competency 1: Addressing Fundamental Scientific Questions** Large scientific facilities represent the pinnacle of engineering technology, essential for exploring unknowns and tackling fundamental scientific issues, such as those addressed by the Tianyan and Jiangmen neutrino experiments [7]. - **Competency 2: Catalyzing Disruptive Technological Breakthroughs** These facilities serve as sources of original innovation, enabling significant advancements in materials science and reducing the development cycle and costs of new materials, particularly in critical areas like semiconductors and renewable energy [8][9]. - **Competency 3: Enhancing Public Health** Large scientific facilities are directly linked to public health, facilitating the development of targeted therapies for diseases like cancer and Alzheimer's through advanced techniques such as protein structure analysis and proton therapy [11][13]. Group 3: Broader Implications - Investment in large scientific facilities not only enhances national technological competitiveness but also contributes to the well-being and sustainable development of humanity, making it a vital area for future investment [13].

Core Viewpoint - Major scientific infrastructure is crucial for supporting original innovation and achieving high-level technological self-reliance in the context of intensified global technological competition [1][4]. Group 1: Development and Current Status - China's major scientific infrastructure has developed into a world-class system through national planning and a phased approach, with facilities like the Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility and the Spallation Neutron Source leading internationally [2][3]. - The current trend is towards systematization, digitalization, and internationalization, integrating technologies like 5G and AI to enhance operational efficiency and facilitate global scientific collaboration [2][3]. Group 2: Strategic Importance - Major scientific infrastructure plays a core role in basic research and industrial applications, providing essential support for fields such as quantum materials and AI training, thereby enhancing the innovation chain from research to application [3][4]. - It serves as a key link in optimizing resource allocation for regional coordinated development, fostering innovation ecosystems across different regions of China [3][4]. Group 3: Challenges and Structural Issues - Despite advancements, China's major scientific infrastructure faces structural challenges, including a tendency to prioritize construction over research and issues with resource allocation and collaboration [6][7]. - There is a need for a systematic approach to overcome these challenges and fully activate the strategic potential of major scientific infrastructure [6][7]. Group 4: Future Directions and Recommendations - To achieve the goal of becoming a technological powerhouse by 2035, major scientific infrastructure must transition from scale expansion to quality enhancement, focusing on strategic areas like quantum technology and deep space exploration [7][8]. - Recommendations include strengthening top-level design, enhancing collaborative mechanisms, innovating funding models, and restructuring talent cultivation systems to better support the infrastructure's capabilities [7][8].

Core Viewpoint - The "14th Five-Year Plan" period is a milestone for China's technological innovation development, with significant achievements in technology management, infrastructure, and strategic planning [1]. Group 1: Technological Infrastructure Development - During the "14th Five-Year Plan," China has made substantial progress in building major scientific and technological infrastructure, resulting in significant original achievements, such as the discovery of over a thousand pulsars by the "China Sky Eye" [3]. - The construction of major scientific infrastructure has led to advancements in key core technologies, such as the solution to non-destructive testing challenges through the neutron source [3]. - Facilities like nuclear fusion and light sources have supported the growth of the superconducting industry [3]. Group 2: Data and Resource Management - The National Scientific Data Center has enhanced data support for innovation, with a total data volume exceeding 270PB, a fivefold increase from the end of the "13th Five-Year Plan" [4]. - The National Biological Germplasm and Experimental Materials Resource Bank has preserved over 5.5 million plant and animal germplasm resources and more than 600,000 microbial strains, ranking among the top globally [4]. Group 3: Long-term Observation and Research - China has established 167 national field scientific observation stations, providing long-term data to support ecological civilization, major engineering safety, and sustainable regional development [5]. - The Ningxia Shapotou Desert Ecosystem National Field Station has accumulated 70 years of observation data, aiding in desertification control efforts [5]. Group 4: Open Research Instruments and Scientific Expeditions - The government has facilitated the open sharing of 147,000 research instruments valued over 500,000 yuan, promoting accessibility for the broader society [6]. - The implementation of the second Qinghai-Tibet scientific expedition and the third Xinjiang scientific expedition supports ecological and resource protection initiatives [6].

Core Points - The article discusses the achievements in technological innovation during the "14th Five-Year Plan" period in China, highlighting the restructuring of the technology management system and the establishment of a unified leadership under the Central Committee [2][5]. Group 1: Major Technological Infrastructure Developments - Significant progress has been made in the construction of major technological infrastructure, with a focus on national needs and global technological frontiers, resulting in numerous original achievements [5][6]. - The "China Sky Eye" has discovered over 1,000 pulsars, surpassing the total number discovered by other countries, contributing to the exploration of the universe [6]. - The construction of facilities like nuclear fusion and light sources has bolstered the development of the superconducting industry [6]. Group 2: National Scientific Data Centers - The National Scientific Data Centers have strengthened data integration and sharing capabilities, with a total data volume exceeding 270PB, a fivefold increase from the end of the "13th Five-Year Plan" [6]. - The National Microbial Science Data Center has led the development of the first international standard for microbial data, enhancing its international influence [6]. Group 3: Biological Resources and Research Stations - The National Biological Germplasm and Experimental Materials Resource Bank has preserved over 5.5 million plant and animal germplasm resources, with microbial strains exceeding 600,000, ranking among the top globally [6][7]. - A total of 167 National Field Scientific Observation and Research Stations have been established, providing long-term observational data to support ecological civilization construction and sustainable development [7]. - The Ningxia Shapotou Desert Ecosystem National Field Station has accumulated 70 years of observational data, aiding in desertification control efforts [7].

Core Viewpoint - The "14th Five-Year Plan" period is a milestone for China's technological innovation, with significant achievements in the restructuring of the technology management system and the establishment of a new national system for technological advancement [2] Group 1: Technological Infrastructure Development - Significant progress has been made in the construction of major scientific and technological infrastructure, with a focus on national needs and global technological frontiers [4] - The "China Sky Eye" has discovered over 1,000 pulsars, surpassing the total number discovered by other countries, contributing to the exploration of the universe [4] - The construction of facilities like nuclear fusion and light sources has bolstered the development of the superconducting industry [4] Group 2: National Scientific Data Centers - The total data volume of 20 national scientific data centers has exceeded 270PB, a fivefold increase compared to the end of the "13th Five-Year Plan" [5] - The National Microbial Science Data Center has led the development of the first international standard for microbial data, enhancing international influence [5] Group 3: Biological Resources and Material Libraries - The existing 31 national biological resource libraries have steadily increased their resource holdings, preserving over 5.5 million plant and animal genetic resources and more than 600,000 microbial strains [5] - The total collection of microbial resources, crop genetic resources, and livestock genetic resources ranks among the top in the world [5] Group 4: Field Observation Stations - A total of 167 national field observation stations have been established, providing long-term scientific observation data to support ecological civilization construction and major engineering safety [6] - The Ningxia Shapotou Desert Ecosystem National Field Station has accumulated 70 years of observation data, aiding in desertification control efforts [6] - The open sharing of research instruments has been promoted, with 147,000 high-value instruments now managed on a national network platform [6]

Core Viewpoint - The "14th Five-Year Plan" period has seen significant advancements in China's technological innovation, with a focus on building major scientific infrastructure and enhancing data support for innovation development [1][2][3] Group 1: Major Scientific Infrastructure - Significant achievements in the construction of major scientific infrastructure have been made, with a focus on national needs and global technological frontiers, leading to original breakthroughs such as the discovery of over a thousand pulsars by the "China Sky Eye" [1] - The construction of facilities like neutron sources has addressed critical technology challenges, while fusion and light source facilities have bolstered the superconducting industry [1] Group 2: National Scientific Data Centers - The national scientific data centers have strengthened data integration and sharing capabilities, with a total data volume exceeding 270PB, representing a fivefold increase from the end of the "13th Five-Year Plan" [2] - The international influence of these data centers has grown, exemplified by the development of the first international standard for microbial data by the National Microbial Science Data Center [2] Group 3: Biological Resource Libraries - The national biological germplasm and experimental materials resource libraries have preserved over 5.5 million plant and animal germplasm resources and more than 600,000 microbial strains, ranking among the top globally [2] Group 4: Field Scientific Observation Stations - A total of 167 national field scientific observation stations have been established, providing long-term observational data to support ecological civilization, major engineering safety, and sustainable regional development [3] - The Ningxia Shapotou Desert Ecosystem National Field Station has accumulated 70 years of data, aiding in desertification control efforts [3] - The open sharing of scientific instruments has been promoted, with 147,000 high-value instruments now accessible to the public [3]