一、北美地区主导全球量子计算市场，微软、谷歌等大厂技术路线各异 前言： 2019年，谷歌用53-Qubit的量子计算机证明了量子计算系统可以解决传统计算机无法处理或效率极低的 问题，量子计算迎来元年。目前全球已有近 250 家企业布局量子计算产业，其中北美地区以43.86%的 份额占据市场主导地位，代表企业包括微软、谷歌等，技术路线各异。从国内市场看，2003年，第一个 量子计算研究小组成立，标志着中国量子计算起步发展。2016年以来，在政策引导下，我国量子计算厚 积薄发，与海外差距不断缩小，实现了从跟跑、并跑到部分领跑的历史性飞跃。 由于目前硬件性能水平距实现大规模可容错通用量子计算还有很大差距、软件和算法尚处在系统开发和 生态构建的初期，全球量子计算应用仍处于早期阶段。但随着海内外企业在各自的技术路线上不断突 破，全球量子计算应用将不断深入，行业将进入快速发展阶段。 量子计算是基于量子力学的独特行为（如叠加、纠缠和量子干扰）的计算模式，基本信息单位为量子比 特。 量子计算通过量子态的受控演化实现数据的存储计算，可以分为数据输入、初态制备、量子逻辑门操 作、量子测算和数据输出等步骤, 能够带来更强的并行计算 ...

Group 1 - The 2025 World Artificial Intelligence Conference (WAIC) featured extensive discussions on the intersection of quantum computing and artificial intelligence (AI) [1] - Experts believe that quantum computing can address certain AI challenges and may accelerate tasks related to recognition and language models under specific conditions [1][2] - Companies like Bosi Quantum and Turing Quantum are actively exploring market applications in various fields, including finance, communication, life sciences, AI, and energy [2] Group 2 - Bosi Quantum has completed six rounds of financing and aims to commercialize specialized quantum computers within 3 to 5 years, with ongoing collaborations in life sciences and finance [2] - Turing Quantum, established in 2021, has completed five rounds of financing, with the latest round raising hundreds of millions for photon chip development [2] - China Mobile has been investing in quantum technology since 2019 and is focusing on integrating quantum technology with AI, aiming to create replicable and scalable applications in various sectors [3] Group 3 - Currently, four quantum computers have claimed quantum supremacy, including China's Jiuzhang and the superconducting quantum computer Zuchongzhi series [3] - The industry anticipates significant advancements in quantum computing, with expectations to resolve error correction issues within 5 to 10 years and develop fault-tolerant universal quantum computers by 2035 or 2040 [4] - NVIDIA's CEO has indicated that the quantum computing field is at a historic turning point, predicting that future supercomputers will integrate quantum processing units (QPU) alongside GPUs [4]

Core Viewpoint - Europe is at risk of falling behind in the quantum technology race, similar to its experience in artificial intelligence, as it struggles to convert research into market opportunities and attract significant investment compared to the US and China [1][2][4]. Investment Landscape - The EU has only attracted 5% of global private quantum technology funding, while the US and China have secured over 50% and 40% respectively [1]. - The EU has committed €11 billion to quantum technology, but there is a need for better resource integration to enhance impact [5]. Commercialization Challenges - Europe leads in scientific publications in quantum technology but ranks third in patent applications, trailing behind the US and China [1]. - Companies in Europe face difficulties in scaling due to a lack of sufficient support and venture capital [4][5]. Strategic Initiatives - The EU's strategy includes launching two major challenges between 2025 and 2027, focusing on quantum computing and quantum navigation systems [7]. - The EU plans to support innovation-oriented procurement to help companies commercialize technology, although specific implementation details are lacking [7]. Regulatory Environment - There is a debate on whether Europe will allow the quantum industry to develop freely, given the sensitivity of quantum technology related to national security [2]. - Industry leaders caution against premature regulation, referencing the EU's previous regulatory approach to artificial intelligence as a potential misstep [7].

从"墨子号"到量子"京沪干线"，从"九章号"到"祖冲之号"，他带领团队一次次突破技术极限，在国际前 沿领域创造一项又一项中国奇迹，用量子密钥守护国家安全，为国铸盾。他就是中国量子科技梦之队的 队长潘建伟。 中国科学院院士、中国科学技术大学教授 潘建伟：中高轨量子卫星它的功能很强大，它在天上可以同 时看到相距1万公里的两个地点，那么我们就可以建立北京和非洲南非的量子密钥分发，全天都可以保 证密钥分发，保障国家的信息安全传输。 从小在浙江东阳农村长大，潘建伟最喜欢的科目就是物理。1987年，潘建伟考入中国科学技术大学近代 物理系，开始探索神奇的量子世界，也感受到了科学家的责任和使命。 中国科学院院士、中国科学技术大学教授 潘建伟：我们系的首任系主任就是赵忠尧先生，知道新中国 成立之后，他一定要从美国回来，我们系当年是为了"两弹一星"，主要是搞核物理为主的，他说他们这 一代为祖国的强大和富强作出了贡献，希望我们后辈的科学家能够继续为这个努力，这是我们当时一个 很大的梦想。 正当申请经费面临困难时，潘建伟留学期间参与的研究和爱因斯坦建立相对论等重大成果一起被《自 然》杂志评为"百年物理学21篇经典论文"，量子信息逐渐 ...

Group 1 - The importance of technology innovation and talent in achieving national strength and independence is emphasized, with a focus on high-level innovative talent as the core resource for technological advancement [1][2] - The Chinese government has implemented various reform plans to enhance the technology system, including the establishment of a Science and Technology Committee and the restructuring of the Ministry of Science and Technology to promote systematic and holistic reforms [2][3] - Significant breakthroughs in basic and frontier research have been achieved, including the discovery of thousands of pulsars by the FAST telescope and advancements in nuclear fusion technology, indicating a strong trajectory in scientific research and innovation [2][3] Group 2 - Strategic high-tech fields are experiencing new advancements, with initiatives such as deep-earth exploration and deep-sea research, showcasing China's commitment to exploring new frontiers in science and technology [3] - Emerging industries like integrated circuits, advanced materials, and artificial intelligence are thriving, contributing to high-quality development and activating new growth drivers in the economy [3] - The collective efforts of technology workers are directed towards the ambitious goal of building a technologically strong nation, reflecting a sense of urgency and commitment to innovation [3]

【文/观察者网 刘程辉】量子计算是大国科技竞争的焦点之一。随着中国在该领域不断取得突破，微软 总裁布拉德·史密斯（Brad Smith）4月28日撰文称，美国在量子计算机研发竞赛中绝不能落后于中国。 他建议美国政府扩大量子人才培养通道，为这类人才加快移民审批程序，并通过政府采购建立覆盖量子 计算关键部件的美国本土供应链。 据美国消费者新闻与商业频道（CNBC）报道，史密斯在文章中强调，美国总统特朗普及其政府需要将 量子研究的资金投入列为优先事项，否则中国可能会超越美国，危及美国的经济竞争力和安全。 "虽然大多数人认为美国仍处于领先地位，但我们不能排除出现战略意外的可能性，也不能排除中国可 能已经与美国不相上下的可能性。" "简而言之，美国绝不能落后，更输不起整场竞争。"史密斯写道。 他呼吁特朗普政府增加对量子研究的资金投入，更新《国家量子计划法案》，并扩大美国国防高级研究 计划局（DARPA）的量子计算机测试项目。 他还建议白宫扩大量子研究所需的数理人才培养通道，为拥有量子技能的博士加快移民审批，并通过政 府采购建立覆盖量子计算关键部件的美国本土供应链。 CNBC认为，微软此番表态折射出量子计算研究正成为科技 ...