Core Points - The 2025 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine has been awarded to Marie Brlenko, Fred Ramsdell, and Simon Sakaguchi for their groundbreaking discoveries in peripheral immune tolerance [1] - The Nobel Committee recognized their identification of regulatory T cells as "bodyguards" of the immune system, which prevent the immune system from harming the body [1] - Their findings have laid the foundation for new research areas and stimulated the development of new therapies for conditions such as cancer and autoimmune diseases [1] Individual Contributions - Marie Brlenko, born in 1961, holds a PhD from Princeton University and is currently a senior project manager at the Institute for Systems Biology in Seattle, USA [2] - Fred Ramsdell, born in 1960, obtained his PhD from UCLA in 1987 and works as a scientific advisor [2] - Simon Sakaguchi, born in 1951, received his medical doctorate from Kyoto University in 1976 and is currently a distinguished professor at Osaka University’s Immunology Frontier Research Center in Japan [2]

Core Insights - The 2025 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded to American scientists Mary E. Brunkow, Fred Ramsdell, and Japanese immunologist Shimon Sakaguchi for their groundbreaking discoveries in peripheral immune tolerance, specifically the role of regulatory T cells (Treg cells) in immune system regulation [2][3]. Group 1: Research and Findings - The key discovery by the awardees is the identification of a gene locus (Foxp3) that controls a type of cell (Treg cells) capable of breaking immune tolerance, leading to autoimmune and inflammatory issues [7][12]. - The research highlights the importance of maintaining a balance in the immune system, as an overly aggressive immune response can lead to autoimmune diseases [6][7]. - Treg cells are now recognized not only for their role in immune suppression but also for their potential in treating various diseases, including autoimmune disorders and cancer [9][11]. Group 2: Market Potential - Treg cell-related therapies are projected to exceed $250 million by 2031, with a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 44% from 2024 to 2031 [9]. - The autoimmune drug market is significant, with a global market size exceeding $100 billion, expected to reach $176.7 billion by 2030 [11][12]. - The recognition of Treg cell research by the Nobel Prize is anticipated to accelerate investment and research in this area, potentially leading to new treatment paradigms [12]. Group 3: Clinical Applications and Challenges - Clinical trials involving Treg cell therapies are already underway, with 234 studies registered, primarily in North America [9]. - There are promising case studies, such as a patient with ALS showing improvement after Treg cell treatment, indicating potential new paradigms in treating neurodegenerative diseases [11]. - Despite the potential, challenges remain, including the need for precise targeting of Treg cells and issues related to stability and toxicity [12].

Group 1 - The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for 2025 was awarded to American scientists Mary E. Brunkow, Fred Ramsdell, and Japanese immunologist Shimon Sakaguchi for their groundbreaking discoveries in peripheral immune tolerance [1][2] - Their research focuses on the mechanisms of negative regulation of the immune system, specifically the role of regulatory T cells (Treg cells) as a "brake" for immune responses [1][7] - The total prize money for this year's award is 11 million Swedish Krona, approximately 8.31 million RMB, which remains unchanged from the previous year [3] Group 2 - The research conducted by the awardees has been relatively overlooked in the past, but it is now gaining attention as it has the potential to impact multiple billion-dollar markets [2][9] - Treg cell-related therapies are projected to exceed $25 billion by 2031, with a compound annual growth rate of 44% from 2024 to 2031, indicating significant market potential in areas such as cancer, autoimmune diseases, and organ transplant rejection [8][11] - The global market for autoimmune drugs has surpassed $100 billion, with projections reaching $176.7 billion by 2030, highlighting the growing interest and investment in this therapeutic area [11][12] Group 3 - Treg cell therapies are currently in a critical transition from research to clinical application, with 234 studies already in clinical trial phases, predominantly in North America [7][11] - Major pharmaceutical companies like Pfizer and AstraZeneca are actively investing in Treg cell-related therapies, indicating a strong industry interest in this area [11][12] - Despite the potential of Treg cell therapies, challenges remain, including issues with stability and potential toxicity, which need to be addressed for effective clinical use [12][13]

Core Insights - The 2025 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine has been awarded to American scientists Mary Brunkow, Fred Ramsdell, and Japanese scientist Shimon Sakaguchi for their groundbreaking discoveries in peripheral immune tolerance mechanisms [4][5] - Their work has significantly advanced the understanding of how the immune system operates, particularly in preventing it from attacking the body's own organs, which has implications for autoimmune diseases and related research [4][6] Group 1: Award Details - The three scientists will share a prize of 11 million Swedish Krona (approximately 1.17 million USD) [5] - The discoveries made by the laureates are considered major foundational findings with clinical significance [4][8] Group 2: Scientific Contributions - Shimon Sakaguchi discovered regulatory T cells, which play a crucial role in preventing the immune system from attacking the body, thus maintaining immune tolerance [6][7] - Mary Brunkow and Fred Ramsdell identified the key role of the Foxp3 gene in regulating T cells, which is essential for understanding immune tolerance [7][8] Group 3: Clinical Implications - The findings open new strategies for treating autoimmune diseases, enhancing cancer therapies, and preventing organ transplant rejection [6][7] - Despite the promising discoveries, challenges remain in developing clinical applications due to the complexity and heterogeneity of Foxp3 and regulatory T cells [8]

Core Viewpoint - The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for 2025 is awarded to Mary E. Brunkow, Fred Ramsdell, and Shimon Sakaguchi for their significant contributions to the discovery of peripheral immune tolerance through regulatory T cells (Tregs) [1][2]. Group 1: Contributions of Awardees - Shimon Sakaguchi first reported the marker molecule CD25 for regulatory T cells in 1995, establishing the CD4+CD25+ cells as Tregs and demonstrating their critical role in preventing autoimmune diseases [2]. - Mary E. Brunkow linked mutations in the Foxp3 gene to the rare autoimmune disease IPEX in 2001, identifying Foxp3 as the "master switch" for Treg function and advancing the field significantly [2]. - Fred Ramsdell contributed to the understanding of the molecular mechanisms of Tregs, revealing the relationship between Foxp3 mutations and IPEX syndrome, thus confirming the importance of Tregs in maintaining immune tolerance [2]. Group 2: Importance of Regulatory T Cells - Regulatory T cells are present in very low numbers but are crucial for maintaining health; even slight changes in their numbers can disrupt immune balance, leading to various diseases [3]. - A decrease in Treg numbers can result in autoimmune or allergic diseases, while an increase can lead to tumors and infections, indicating the potential for targeted therapies to treat immune-related diseases [3][4]. - Compared to most drug treatments, Tregs offer specificity and can minimize side effects associated with treatment toxicity, which may be a significant reason for the Nobel recognition [4]. Group 3: Clinical Application and Challenges - Despite the advantages of Tregs in therapeutic interventions, there are limitations in their clinical application, such as the unclear mechanisms of immune tolerance induction and the potential risk of increased infections or tumors with high doses of Tregs [4]. - The discoveries related to peripheral immune tolerance and cancer immunotherapy provide promising avenues for disease treatment and will further promote research in immune mechanisms and therapies [4].

Core Insights - The 2025 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine will be awarded to scientists Mary E. Brunkow, Fred Ramsdell, and Shimon Sakaguchi for their contributions to peripheral immune tolerance research, with a total prize of 11 million Swedish Krona (approximately 8.32 million RMB) [2][7][8] Group 1: Nobel Prize Announcement - The Nobel Prize recognizes the significant impact of the winners' research on understanding immune system regulation, particularly the role of regulatory T cells in immune tolerance, which opens new avenues for treating autoimmune diseases and excessive immune responses [7][8] - The award ceremony will take place on December 10 in Stockholm, Sweden, highlighting the importance of basic medical research in improving human health [8] Group 2: Research Contributions - Mary E. Brunkow, born in 1961, has a background in molecular biology and focuses on the intersection of biomedical, immunology, and systems biology [7] - Fred Ramsdell, born in 1960, is active in both basic research and the biotechnology industry, working on translating immunological discoveries into therapeutic strategies for autoimmune diseases and cancer [7] - Shimon Sakaguchi, born in 1951, is a professor at Osaka University and has received multiple awards for his pioneering work in immune regulation, contributing to the foundation of precision medicine and biotechnology [8] Group 3: Industry Events - The 5th Non-Grain Biomass High-Value Utilization Forum will be held in Hangzhou, Zhejiang from November 27 to 29, focusing on non-grain biomass chemical products and materials, as well as biomass energy [10] - The forum will feature various specialized sessions, including green pretreatment of biomass, sustainable aviation fuel, and a showcase of over 100 technological achievements [10]

Group 1 - The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for 2025 was awarded to scientists Mary E. Brunkow, Fred Ramsdell, and Shimon Sakaguchi for their contributions to peripheral immune tolerance research, specifically the discovery of regulatory T cells [1][3] - The prize amount is 11 million Swedish Krona, approximately 8.32 million RMB, which will be equally divided among the three winners [1] - Their discoveries are expected to lead to new directions in the treatment of autoimmune diseases and the improvement of cancer immunotherapy [1][5] Group 2 - Domestic companies are actively engaging in the field of regulatory T cell therapy, with collaborations and clinical projects underway [5][6] - On May 29, 2025, Haier International Cell Bank and Cellxin Biotech initiated a clinical application project focused on regulatory T cell therapy for conditions like Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) [5] - Cellxin Biotech announced that its clinical research project on the safety and tolerability of regulatory T cell therapy for neurodegenerative diseases received ethical approval from Zhengzhou University First Affiliated Hospital [5] - He Yuan Biological signed a strategic cooperation agreement with Cellxin Biotech to provide clinical trial sample preparation and testing services for Treg cell therapy [5] - Binoji Biotech, established in November 2021, focuses on innovative T cell therapies for solid tumors and autoimmune diseases, with its product BEN-301 aimed at treating autoimmune diseases currently in preclinical development [6]

Core Points - The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded to Shimon Sakaguchi and two American scientists for their discoveries in peripheral immune tolerance [1][2] - This recognition highlights the importance of immune system regulation in preventing autoimmune diseases while combating pathogens [2][3] Group 1: Research Findings - The research revealed key mechanisms by which the immune system avoids attacking its own tissues, paving the way for new treatments for autoimmune diseases, cancer, and organ transplantation [2][4] - Sakaguchi discovered a previously unrecognized subset of T cells, challenging the traditional view that immune tolerance is achieved solely through the elimination of abnormal T cells in the thymus [2][3] Group 2: Clinical Applications - Despite the groundbreaking discoveries, the transition to clinical applications remains a significant challenge due to the complexity of human diseases and the heterogeneity of regulatory T cells [4][5] - Current research is focused on inducing immune tolerance and addressing rejection in organ transplantation, with several therapies based on regulatory T cells in clinical trials [5] Group 3: Future Prospects - There is optimism that as understanding of disease mechanisms deepens, immune therapies will evolve towards more precise regulatory approaches [5] - However, challenges such as ensuring the stability and specificity of regulatory T cells in clinical settings persist, which may limit their application compared to other therapies like CAR-T cell treatments [5]

Group 1 - The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded to Japanese scientist Shimon Sakaguchi and two American scientists, Mary Brunkow and Fred Ramsdell, for their discoveries in peripheral immune tolerance [1][2] - Shimon Sakaguchi is the third Japanese scientist to receive this award in the last decade, following Yoshinori Ohsumi in 2016 and Tasuku Honjo in 2018, with both previous awards also related to immune regulation [1] - The research of the awardees reveals key mechanisms by which the immune system avoids attacking its own tissues, opening new directions for treatments of autoimmune diseases, cancer, and organ transplantation [2][3] Group 2 - The findings of the awardees establish a foundation for new research areas and promote the development of new therapies targeting cancer and autoimmune diseases [2] - Sakaguchi's research identified a previously unrecognized subset of T cells, challenging the traditional understanding that immune tolerance is achieved solely through the elimination of abnormal T cells in the thymus [3] - The role of regulatory T cells as "peacekeepers" in the immune system is emphasized, as they suppress abnormal immune responses to maintain self-tolerance and prevent autoimmune diseases [3][4] Group 3 - Despite the significant findings, the clinical application of these discoveries is still a long way off, with challenges in translating the research into effective therapies for autoimmune diseases and organ transplantation [4][5] - The complexity of human diseases, involving interactions between genes and the environment, complicates the clinical application of therapies based on regulatory T cells [5] - Current research is underway to induce immune tolerance and address rejection reactions in organ transplantation, but the path to successful clinical application remains challenging [4][5]

Core Insights - The article discusses the groundbreaking research on "peripheral immune tolerance" by Mary E. Brunkow, Fred Ramsdell, and Shimon Sakaguchi, which has led to their joint award of the 2025 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine [1][3][10] - Their findings reveal how the immune system avoids attacking its own tissues, highlighting the role of regulatory T cells in maintaining immune balance and preventing autoimmune diseases [3][9] Group 1: Research Breakthroughs - The research challenges the previous consensus that immune tolerance primarily relies on "central tolerance" in the thymus, introducing the concept of regulatory T cells as a crucial component in peripheral immune tolerance [5][7] - Brunkow and Ramsdell identified a mutation in the Foxp3 gene in a mouse model that leads to severe autoimmune diseases, establishing a link between this gene and the function of regulatory T cells [5][7] - Sakaguchi later connected these findings, demonstrating that Foxp3 is essential for the development and function of regulatory T cells, which are vital for preventing systemic autoimmune responses [7][9] Group 2: Clinical Implications - The research has significant implications for the treatment of autoimmune diseases and cancer, with therapies based on regulatory T cells being actively explored for conditions like type 1 diabetes and rheumatoid arthritis [9][10] - The work of these scientists has paved the way for advancements in organ transplantation, potentially leading to more successful procedures by understanding immune tolerance mechanisms [9][10]