Group 1 - The article distinguishes between IPO (Initial Public Offering) and listing, highlighting that IPO is the act of issuing stocks to the public for the first time, while listing is the administrative approval for those stocks to be traded on an exchange [3][5] - The IPO process includes stages such as selecting underwriters, preparing disclosure materials, and regulatory review, while the listing process involves exchange review and trading system integration [5][7] - In 2024, the average fundraising size for IPOs in the A-share market was 1.23 billion, while the average daily trading volume on the Shanghai and Shenzhen exchanges was maintained at 800 billion [7] Group 2 - The pricing mechanism for IPOs is determined by the issuer and underwriters based on methods like price-earnings ratio, whereas listing prices are influenced by market supply and demand [7] - The direct effects of an IPO include changes in capital structure and the management of raised funds, while listing has ongoing impacts such as increased liquidity and market pressure for regular disclosures [9] - The article uses the analogy of IPO as a "coming of age" ceremony for companies, while listing represents their entry into the "university of society," emphasizing the importance of understanding these stages for investors [9]

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