反倾销
Search documents
——2025年棕榈与菜系市场回顾与2026年展望:棕榈与菜系:蓬身已随洪波宽,菘节犹阻寒潭清
Fang Zheng Zhong Qi Qi Huo· 2025-12-15 05:18
1. Report Industry Investment Rating The provided content does not mention the report industry investment rating. 2. Core Viewpoints of the Report - **Palm Oil**: In 2025, the palm oil market showed a trend of rising first and then falling, with the center of the price shifting upwards. In 2026, the global supply - demand of palm oil is expected to remain in a tight - balance state. The price is likely to show a fluctuating trend with a rising center, ranging from 8300 to 9800. Domestic supply and demand are expected to continue the double - weak trend [2][3][153]. - **Cuisine Oils and Meals**: In 2025, the rapeseed oil futures fluctuated upwards, while the rapeseed meal futures showed wide - range fluctuations. In 2026, the global supply of rapeseed is expected to increase significantly, and the supply - demand outlook will turn loose. However, the domestic supply will be tight. The prices of rapeseed oil and rapeseed meal are expected to fluctuate, with the price range of rapeseed oil from 9000 to 10100 and that of rapeseed meal from 2200 to 2800 [3][4][156]. 3. Summary According to the Table of Contents 3.1 2025 H1 Market Trend Review - **Palm Oil**: The price experienced significant drops, rebounds, and fluctuations due to factors such as the delay of Indonesia's B40 policy, changes in export demand, and geopolitical situations [17][18]. - **Rapeseed Oil**: The price showed a trend of decline, rise, and then decline again, affected by factors like import policies, geopolitical situations, and inventory changes [21][22]. - **Rapeseed Meal**: The price fluctuated greatly, influenced by factors such as changes in soybean supply, trade relations, and seasonal demand [26][27]. 3.2 Production, Supply, and Import - Export of Oil Crops - **Palm Oil**: Indonesia's production increased significantly, and Malaysia's production remained high even in the off - season. Overseas demand was at an average level, and Indonesia's B40 policy benefited domestic biodiesel demand. China's import profit was low, and the import volume was low [29][35][50]. - **Cuisine Oils and Meals**: The supply of old - season rapeseed was tight, and the inventory - consumption ratio decreased slightly. After the anti - dumping determination of Canadian rapeseed, Australia's rapeseed gradually replaced it as an import source [58][71]. 3.3 Oil Mill Pressing, Consumption, and Demand - **Biodiesel Consumption**: Diesel strength improved biodiesel blending profit, and Indonesia's B40 policy advanced well. The EPA's proposed rule indicated an unexpected increase in US biodiesel, and its actual implementation needs attention [80][81]. - **Palm Oil Domestic Inventory**: Supply turned loose, while demand remained weak. In the first half of 2025, it was in a double - weak state, and the inventory increased in the second half [82]. - **Cuisine Oils and Meals Production, Operation, and Consumption Demand**: Coastal oil mills were close to shutdown but were expected to recover at the end of the year. Supply lacked increment, but inventory was still high due to weak demand [92][100]. 3.4 Supply - Demand Balance Sheet and Its Interpretation - **Global Rapeseed**: In the 2024/25 season, production decreased, and inventory tightened. In the 2025/26 season, production is expected to increase, and supply will turn loose [107][108]. - **Domestic Rapeseed**: In the 2024/25 season, production and import increased. In the 2025/26 season, production is expected to increase slightly, but import will be restricted, and supply will be tight [109][110]. - **Rapeseed Oil and Rapeseed Meal**: In the 2025/26 season, domestic production of rapeseed oil and rapeseed meal is expected to decline, and there will be supply gaps [114]. - **Palm Oil**: In the 2024/25 season, global production and demand increased, and inventory decreased. In the 2025/26 season, supply and demand are expected to increase, and inventory will accumulate slightly [116]. 3.5 Seasonal Analysis - **Palm Oil**: Its price is affected by factors such as oil production and festival consumption. The price usually drops in March - April and June and rises in the fourth quarter [119]. - **Rapeseed Oil**: Its price has seasonal fluctuations related to weather and consumption. It rises in winter and drops in May - June [122]. - **Rapeseed Meal**: Its consumption is seasonal, with high demand from May to August and low demand in winter [125]. 3.6 Technical Analysis - **Palm Oil**: The medium - and long - term upward trend remains, and attention should be paid to the support and resistance levels in Q1 2026 [128]. - **Rapeseed Oil**: The price has fallen to the annual average line, and attention should be paid to the market performance near the annual line [132]. - **Rapeseed Meal**: It maintained a box - shock trend, and attention should be paid to the support at the lower edge of the shock range [137]. 3.7 Option Analysis - **Palm Oil Option**: Volatility remained stable, and the market expects the short - term price to fluctuate between 8400 and 9000 [140]. - **Rapeseed Oil Option**: Volatility decreased compared to last year, and the market has obvious differences in the future price, with the range from 8200 to 11200 [144]. - **Rapeseed Meal Option**: Volatility decreased, and market participation declined. The market's price prediction range is from 2300 to 2600 [148][150]. 3.8 Full - Text Summary and Future Market Outlook - **Palm Oil**: In 2026, global supply - demand is expected to remain in a tight - balance state, and the price is expected to fluctuate with a rising center. Domestic supply and demand will continue to be weak [153][155]. - **Cuisine Oils and Meals**: In 2026, global supply will turn loose, while domestic supply will be tight. Prices are expected to fluctuate, and the key factor is the development of China - Canada trade relations [156][157]. 3.9 Related Listed Company Stock Statistics The report provides stock price and year - to - date performance data of several listed companies in the grain and oil processing, feed processing, and aquaculture industries [159].
调查揭晓,24小时内中方对四国加税,特朗普图谋破产
Sou Hu Cai Jing· 2025-12-06 05:16
Core Viewpoint - The Chinese Ministry of Commerce has decided to continue imposing anti-dumping duties on polyphenylene sulfide products originating from the United States, Japan, South Korea, and Malaysia, significantly raising the barriers for U.S. products entering the Chinese market [1][3]. Group 1: Impact on Domestic Industry - The anti-dumping measures are a response to the abnormal influx of these products at unusually low prices, which disrupts normal market competition and leads to harmful price suppression [3]. - Domestic companies are currently under significant pressure due to technological challenges and financial constraints, making it difficult for them to endure prolonged price wars [3]. - The demand for polyphenylene sulfide is increasing in various sectors, including new energy vehicles and electronics, necessitating stable pricing and supply chains to support industry growth [3][9]. Group 2: International Trade Dynamics - The U.S. has imposed a 40% tariff on goods routed through third countries to evade tariffs, which is seen as creating trade barriers rather than promoting fair competition [5]. - China’s investigation into Malaysia indicates a willingness to take necessary measures against actions that harm its interests, emphasizing the need for mutual respect and adherence to rules in trade [5][7]. - The ongoing trade tensions highlight a divergence in approaches, with China focusing on maintaining market order within existing frameworks, while the U.S. relies on tariffs and conditions to exert pressure [7]. Group 3: Market Confidence and Recovery - The certainty brought by the anti-dumping policy has led to a return of orders and increased confidence among domestic enterprises, prompting many projects to move from research to implementation stages [9]. - The local production capabilities for materials are expected to stabilize prices and ensure orderly supply, which will positively impact downstream industries [9]. - The adjustment of tax measures is viewed as a reinforcement of manufacturing infrastructure, providing a model for other countries to protect their interests while maintaining international order [9].
擒贼先擒王,商务部宣布:对日本征69%反倾销税,对美国征收220%
Sou Hu Cai Jing· 2025-12-05 18:21
Group 1 - The Chinese Ministry of Commerce announced anti-dumping duties of up to 220.9% on imported polyphenylene sulfide (PPS) from the United States and up to 69.1% from Japan, marking a strategic response to perceived threats in the supply chain [2][6] - PPS is a critical material in high-end manufacturing, known for its high-temperature resistance and corrosion resistance, widely used in sectors such as electric vehicles, 5G infrastructure, aerospace, and semiconductors [4][6] - China is the largest consumer of PPS globally, importing nearly 30,000 tons annually, with a self-sufficiency rate of less than 50%, indicating a reliance on foreign suppliers [4][6] Group 2 - The anti-dumping duties are based on significant evidence of dumping by U.S. and Japanese companies, which, if unaddressed, would lead to unfair competition for domestic leaders like Xinhecheng and Water Holdings [6][8] - The disparity in tax rates reflects the severity of dumping practices, with the U.S. facing the highest rates due to its aggressive technology restrictions against China, making the 220% duty a countermeasure against U.S. "technological hegemony" [6][8] - Japan's tiered tax approach targets companies linked to right-wing forces and military industries, indicating a calculated economic response rather than mere diplomatic protest [8][14] Group 3 - The geopolitical context includes Japan's military actions in the region, which are perceived as direct provocations towards China, further complicating the trade dynamics [10][12] - The U.S. maintains a dual approach, publicly advocating for trade cooperation while simultaneously enforcing technology restrictions, creating a "tech cold war" atmosphere [12][16] - Japan's economic dependency on the Chinese market, particularly in sectors like automotive and electronics, makes it vulnerable to China's retaliatory measures, such as tightening rare earth exports [14][23] Group 4 - The anti-dumping measures are part of a broader strategy to safeguard China's high-end manufacturing sector and respond to challenges posed by U.S.-Japan collaboration [23][25] - The situation underscores the importance of respecting post-war international order and avoiding unilateral provocations to prevent economic backlash [25][27] - Future developments will depend on whether Japan and the U.S. recognize their missteps and adjust their strategies accordingly [18][20]
中国反制来了,商务部宣布,对日本征69%反倾销税,对美国征220%
Sou Hu Cai Jing· 2025-12-05 13:42
Core Viewpoint - The Chinese Ministry of Commerce has announced an anti-dumping investigation on imported polyphenylene sulfide (PPS) from the US, Japan, South Korea, and Malaysia, extending anti-dumping duties that could reach up to 220.9% for US companies and 69.1% for Japanese companies [1][9][10]. Group 1: Industry Context - PPS, invented by Phillips Petroleum in 1967, is a high-performance engineering plastic with limited global producers, particularly in high-end applications where patents are held by Japanese companies DIC and Toray [3][5]. - China is the largest consumer of engineering plastics globally, with an import dependency for PPS projected at 53.6% in 2024 [3][7]. Group 2: Anti-Dumping Measures - The anti-dumping duties were initially imposed in December 2020 to protect China's nascent PPS industry from low-priced imports from the US and Japan, which had previously kept import dependency stable at 55%-60% [7][9]. - The Ministry of Commerce's recent announcement for a review is driven by concerns from domestic PPS producers about the potential crisis if duties are lifted [9][10]. Group 3: Political and Economic Implications - The ongoing geopolitical tensions, particularly regarding Taiwan, have implications for US and Japanese companies seeking to maintain market access in China [12][17]. - The Chinese government has a broad range of potential countermeasures against foreign companies, including restrictions on raw materials and mature chips, which could significantly impact industries in the US and Japan [19][21][23]. Group 4: Conclusion - The investigation into PPS imports serves to protect domestic industry interests while responding to foreign provocations, indicating a strategic approach to trade relations [25].
打到要害了!高市早苗执迷不悟,中方使出大招:对日本征税69%
Sou Hu Cai Jing· 2025-12-05 11:12
因日本首相高市早苗的疯狂言论而引发的中日新一轮外交纠纷已经持续了近一个月之久,但是,尽管中方已经在外交和舆论领域对高市早苗施加了巨大的压 力,不过至少截止到目前为止,高市早苗却依然没有妥协退让的意思。 眼见日本持续执迷不悟,高市早苗继续"嘴硬",那么,中方也没有必要再过多的与日本"客气",商务部对日"重拳出击",直接向日本放出了"大招"。 由此可见,中方对日本的"出招",终于延续到了实际的经济领域,很显然,随着中方的最新措施得以落地,日本一众的相关企业和从业人员的生产生活都将 受到极大的影响,这很显然是日本方面所不愿意看到的。 实际上,在中日新一轮外交纠纷愈演愈烈之际,日本不仅没有丝毫妥协的意思,而且还在持续想办法对中方进行反制。比如,在外交领域,高市早苗已经透 露了日本计划召开日本-中亚峰会的意思,这很显然是日本在周边所有邻国,包括中俄朝韩都"不待见"日本情况下在想办法进行外交破局。 在军事领域,日本近期已经宣布在琉球加强军事部署,不仅增派大军,而且还在距台110公里的与那国岛部署防空导弹,甚至日本还在"无核三原则"上反复 横跳,表示了要采购核潜艇的意思。 不难看出,日本军国主义势力的抬头已经是非常明显,日 ...
反倾销措施持续扩围背景下:反倾销产品整柜出美国的供应链路径正被重新定义
Sou Hu Cai Jing· 2025-12-05 08:44
过去五年,美国"双反"政策呈现以下特点: (1)税率极端化,使整柜出口成本失去可控性 如: 在2021—2025年间,美国对中国产品实施的反倾销(AD)和反补贴(CVD)措施持续升级,涉及领域不断扩大,税率水平频频突破历史高点。部分产品的 合并税率甚至超过1000%,使其直接出口美国的可行性大幅降低。这些措施不仅影响企业单个订单的报价空间,更深刻改变了跨境供应链的构造方式。 当前,一个值得关注的结构性变化是: "反倾销产品能否整柜出美国"正逐步从技术问题,演变为供应链战略问题。 本新闻稿将对这一趋势进行系统分析,并梳理产业链正在出现的新走向。 01 反倾销产品"整柜出美国"难度显著提高 低速个人交通工具合并税率突破 1150%; 香兰素税率合并超过 420%。 在此类税率下,整柜出口至美国的成本结构完全被重塑,单纯依靠压价已无法抵消高税负带来的整体性冲击。 (2)反规避调查频率提升,路径依赖风险加大 木制橱柜合并税率 最高超过 550%; 活性阳极石墨材料个别企业反补贴税率超过 700%; 美国商务部与美国国际贸易委员会(ITC)在反规避调查中关注: 偏离正常贸易流的单一国家暴增路径 无实质加工的"形式原产地 ...
2025年12月03日:期货市场交易指引-20251203
Chang Jiang Qi Huo· 2025-12-03 02:34
Report Industry Investment Ratings - Macro finance: Bullish on stock indices in the medium to long term, with a strategy of buying on dips; Treasury bonds are expected to trade sideways [1][5] - Black building materials: Coking coal and rebar are recommended for range trading; glass is advised to be on the sidelines and not chased higher [1][7][9] - Non - ferrous metals: Copper is for range short - term trading; aluminum suggests reducing long positions at high levels; nickel advises waiting and watching or shorting on rallies; tin is for range trading; gold is for range trading; silver recommends holding long positions and being cautious about new positions; lithium carbonate is expected to trade strongly sideways [1][10][13][15] - Energy and chemicals: PVC, caustic soda, soda ash, styrene, rubber, urea, and methanol are for range trading; polyolefins are expected to trade weakly sideways [1][17][25] - Cotton and textile industry chain: Cotton and cotton yarn are expected to trade strongly sideways; PTA is expected to rise in a sideways trend; apples are expected to trade strongly sideways; red dates are expected to trade weakly sideways [1][26][29] - Agricultural and livestock: For live pigs, near - term contracts are expected to adjust weakly at low levels, and be cautious about chasing rallies in far - term contracts; egg prices are limited in their upward movement; corn suggests hedging on rallies; soybean meal is mainly for range operations; oils are expected to rebound from lows, with a strategy of buying on dips [1][30][35][41] Core Views The report provides trading strategies and market outlooks for various futures products across different industries. It analyzes the fundamentals, supply - demand relationships, and macro - economic factors affecting each product, and offers corresponding investment suggestions based on these analyses [1][5][7] Summary by Category Macro Finance - Stock indices: The external environment has improved, but the market rotation is fast. They are expected to trade sideways in the short term and be bullish in the medium to long term, with a strategy of buying on dips [5] - Treasury bonds: After entering December, institutional behavior may be the core variable affecting the bond market. They are expected to trade sideways [5] Black Building Materials - Coking coal: The coal market is in a downward trend with weak demand. It is recommended for range trading [7] - Rebar: It is in a policy vacuum period. The short - term supply - demand contradiction is not significant, and it is expected to trade sideways at low levels, mainly for short - term trading [7] - Glass: Although there are rumors of production line shutdowns causing a rebound in the futures market, the social inventory pressure is huge, and the year - end demand is weak. It is not advisable to chase higher in the near - term contracts [9] Non - Ferrous Metals - Copper: The safety situation in Congo (Kinshasa) is complex. The long - term demand is optimistic, but the short - term high prices may suppress consumption. It is recommended for range short - term trading [10] - Aluminum: The macro - sentiment has improved, and it may continue to rebound in the short term. It is recommended to reduce long positions at high levels [11] - Nickel: The supply is expected to be loose in the long term. It is recommended to wait and watch or short on rallies [13] - Tin: The supply of tin ore is tight, and the downstream demand is weak. It is recommended to pay attention to the supply recovery and downstream demand improvement, and for range trading [13] - Gold and silver: Supported by the expectation of interest rate cuts and safe - haven demand, gold is for range trading, and silver recommends holding long positions and being cautious about new positions [15] - Lithium carbonate: The supply - demand is in a tight balance, and it is expected to trade strongly sideways. Pay attention to the progress of Yichun mines and the resumption of production of Ningde Jiaxiawo lithium mine [17] Energy and Chemicals - PVC: The supply pressure is large, and the demand is weak. It is recommended for range trading, and pay attention to policies and cost - side disturbances [17] - Caustic soda: The valuation is suppressed by the expectation of alumina production cuts. It is recommended to wait and watch [19] - Styrene: The overseas blending logic cannot change the weak fundamentals in the short term. It is expected to trade sideways, and pay attention to the price of pure benzene in January and the change of the crude oil pricing center [19] - Rubber: The market is bearish, and the demand improvement is limited. It is recommended for range trading [21] - Urea: The supply is increasing, and the demand is mixed. It is expected to trade sideways [22] - Methanol: The supply in the inland has recovered, and the port inventory has decreased. It is recommended for range trading [24] - Polyolefins: The inventory is decreasing, but the demand is insufficient after the peak season. PE is expected to trade sideways in the range, and PP is expected to trade weakly sideways [25] - Soda ash: The supply is in surplus, and the cost support is strong. It is recommended to wait and watch [25] Cotton and Textile Industry Chain - Cotton and cotton yarn: Although the global supply - demand data is loose, the recent domestic cotton sales are fast, and the yarn price is firm, so they are expected to trade strongly sideways [26] - PTA: Affected by geopolitical factors and supply - demand relationships, it is expected to rise in a sideways trend, with a focus on the range of 4600 - 4900 [27] - Apples: The inventory is mainly sold as needed, and the price is expected to trade strongly sideways [28] - Red dates: The acquisition progress in Xinjiang is about 80%, and the price is expected to trade weakly sideways [29] Agricultural and Livestock - Live pigs: In the short term, the supply pressure is high, and the demand increase is not obvious. In the long term, the capacity reduction is accelerating but still above the normal level. The near - term contracts are for short - selling on rallies, and be cautious about chasing rallies in the far - term contracts [30][31] - Eggs: In the short term, the supply - demand is marginally improved, and the price has support. In the long term, the capacity reduction takes time. The 01 contract has a large premium over the spot, and the price increase is limited [31][32] - Corn: In the short term, there is still selling pressure, and it is recommended to hedge on rallies. In the long term, the cost support is strong, but the supply - demand is relatively loose, and the upward space is limited [33][34] - Soybean meal: It is mainly for range operations, and spot enterprises can fix the basis for December - January [35][36] - Oils: In the short term, the trends of different oils are differentiated. In the long term, they are expected to trade in a wide range. Be cautious about chasing rallies in soybean and palm oils, and pay attention to Malaysian palm oil high - frequency data and the December MPOB report [37][41]
涉美日韩等,商务部最新公告
券商中国· 2025-11-30 14:52
Core Viewpoint - The Ministry of Commerce has initiated a final review investigation of anti-dumping measures applicable to imported polyphenylene sulfide (PPS) from Japan, the United States, South Korea, and Malaysia, following a request from the Chinese PPS industry [1][2][3]. Group 1: Anti-Dumping Measures - The anti-dumping duties imposed on imported PPS from Japan, the United States, South Korea, and Malaysia range from 23.3% to 220.9%, with specific rates for companies in each country [1][4]. - The review period for the investigation will cover the period from July 1, 2024, to June 30, 2025, while the injury investigation period will span from January 1, 2021, to June 30, 2025 [5]. Group 2: Product Scope and Description - The product under review is polyphenylene sulfide (PPS), a high-performance thermoplastic resin known for its excellent properties such as high-temperature resistance, corrosion resistance, and flame retardancy [6]. - PPS is widely used in various industries, including textiles, automotive, electronics, machinery, petroleum, chemical, and aerospace [6]. Group 3: Investigation Process - Interested parties can register to participate in the investigation within 20 days from the announcement date, providing necessary information regarding their involvement with the investigated products [9][10]. - The Ministry of Commerce will utilize various methods, including questionnaires and hearings, to gather information during the investigation [14].
瑞达期货热轧卷板产业链日报-20251126
Rui Da Qi Huo· 2025-11-26 09:03
数据来源第三方,观点仅供参考。市场有风险,投资需谨慎! 备注:HC:热轧卷板 研究员: 蔡跃辉 期货从业资格号F0251444 期货投资咨询从业证书号Z0013101 | 项目类别 | 数据指标 | 最新 | 环比 数据指标 | 最新 | 环比 | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 期货市场 | HC 主力合约收盘价(元/吨) | 3,304 | -5↓ HC 主力合约持仓量(手) | 935189 | -64552↓ | | | HC 合约前20名净持仓(手) | -76,128 | -2468↓ HC1-5合约价差(元/吨) | 9 | -1↓ | | | HC 上期所仓单日报(日,吨) | 141932 | -900↓ HC2601-RB2601合约价差(元/吨) | 205 | +2↑ | | 现货市场 | 杭州 4.75热轧板卷(元/吨) | 3,330.00 | -10.00↓ 广州 4.75热轧板卷(元/吨) | 3,320.00 | 0.00 | | | 武汉 4.75热轧板卷(元/吨) | 3,330.00 | 0.00 天津 4.75热轧板卷( ...
三元生物20251124
2025-11-25 01:19
Summary of the Conference Call for Sanren Biological Industry and Company Overview - The conference call discusses Sanren Biological, a company involved in the production of erythritol and other sugar substitutes, particularly in the context of international trade challenges and product development strategies. Key Points and Arguments Impact of U.S. Tariffs - The U.S. imposed a preliminary anti-dumping duty of 462% on erythritol, severely hindering direct exports. Despite this, the company managed to maintain some sales through transshipment trade due to strong demand and brand recognition in the U.S. market, although sales volume decreased by 25% year-on-year from January to September [2][3][5]. Legal Actions and Market Adaptation - Some customers have filed lawsuits regarding the anti-dumping duties, which could potentially allow for legal exports if the court rules that certain blended products are exempt. The U.S. government shutdown has delayed these rulings, but a resolution is expected within the next year [2][5]. European Market Challenges - The European Union has also imposed high anti-dumping duties, leading to a halt in direct exports. The company has adjusted its product formulations to produce erythritol blends with less than 90% altritol to circumvent these tariffs, which has been gradually accepted by customers, resulting in increased demand [2][6]. Domestic Market Conditions - Domestic erythritol prices have stabilized at around $1.2 to $1.3 per kilogram, with low inventory levels across the industry. Companies are primarily producing based on sales demand, and despite price reductions for promotions, Sanren Biological has managed to maintain operational effectiveness [2][7][8]. Cost Management Strategies - The company has implemented various measures to reduce production costs, including technological improvements, energy-saving modifications, and automation. These strategies have helped mitigate the impact of anti-dumping measures from the U.S. and Europe while expanding into emerging markets in Southeast Asia, the Middle East, and South America [2][9]. New Product Development - Sanren Biological is actively developing new products such as altritol, tagatose, and cosmetic ingredients, with increasing domestic and international demand for altritol. The company has begun small-scale supply of these products and is exploring market opportunities [2][4][10][11]. Financial Considerations - The decline in bank interest rates has negatively impacted the company's financial income. However, the company plans to manage funds flexibly and explore horizontal mergers and acquisitions to enhance performance and profitability [2][14]. Future Outlook for Altritol - There is significant interest in altritol, with several companies planning large-scale production. However, the company remains cautious about large investments due to potential market oversupply and competition risks [2][15]. Resource Allocation for New Products - The company prioritizes the development of new products based on market acceptance and potential, focusing on altritol, tagatose, and various cosmetic ingredients, while ensuring efficient resource allocation [2][16]. Long-term Development Goals - Sanren Biological aims to expand its product range and contribute to the health industry through technological innovation and resource integration, striving for sustainable development and shareholder returns [2][17].